Q. How does increasing resistance in an RC circuit affect the time response?
A.
Increases time constant
B.
Decreases time constant
C.
No effect
D.
Increases voltage
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Solution
Increasing resistance in an RC circuit increases the time constant (τ = R*C), resulting in a slower time response.
Correct Answer:
A
— Increases time constant
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Q. How does the time response of an RL circuit differ from that of an RC circuit?
A.
RL is faster than RC
B.
RC is faster than RL
C.
Both are the same
D.
Depends on values of R and L
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Solution
Typically, RL circuits respond faster than RC circuits due to the nature of inductance versus capacitance.
Correct Answer:
A
— RL is faster than RC
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Q. In a first-order RC circuit, what happens to the voltage across the capacitor after 5 time constants?
A.
It is at 100% of V0
B.
It is at 63.2% of V0
C.
It is at 86.5% of V0
D.
It is at 50% of V0
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Solution
After 5 time constants, the voltage across the capacitor in a first-order RC circuit is effectively at 100% of the supply voltage V0.
Correct Answer:
A
— It is at 100% of V0
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Q. In a series RLC circuit, what happens when the damping ratio is less than 1?
A.
The circuit is overdamped
B.
The circuit is critically damped
C.
The circuit is underdamped
D.
The circuit is unstable
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Solution
When the damping ratio (ζ) is less than 1 in a series RLC circuit, the circuit is considered underdamped, leading to oscillatory behavior.
Correct Answer:
C
— The circuit is underdamped
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Q. In a small-signal model, what does the output voltage of an op-amp depend on?
A.
Input voltage and feedback
B.
Only input voltage
C.
Only feedback
D.
Power supply voltage
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Solution
In a small-signal model, the output voltage of an op-amp depends on both the input voltage and the feedback configuration.
Correct Answer:
A
— Input voltage and feedback
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Q. In an RL circuit, what does the time constant represent?
A.
The time to charge the inductor
B.
The time to discharge the inductor
C.
The time to reach 63.2% of final value
D.
The time to reach 100% of final value
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Solution
In an RL circuit, the time constant (τ) represents the time it takes for the current to reach approximately 63.2% of its final value.
Correct Answer:
C
— The time to reach 63.2% of final value
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Q. What does the damping ratio (ζ) indicate in a reactive circuit?
A.
The speed of response
B.
The stability of the system
C.
The overshoot in the response
D.
All of the above
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Solution
The damping ratio (ζ) indicates the speed of response, stability of the system, and the overshoot in the response, making it a crucial parameter in reactive circuits.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. What happens to the time response of an RC circuit as the resistance increases?
A.
Time response decreases
B.
Time response increases
C.
Time response remains constant
D.
Time response becomes negative
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Solution
As the resistance increases in an RC circuit, the time constant increases, leading to a slower time response.
Correct Answer:
B
— Time response increases
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Q. What is the characteristic equation of a first-order system?
A.
s + 1/τ = 0
B.
s^2 + 1/τ = 0
C.
s + τ = 0
D.
s^2 + τ = 0
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Solution
The characteristic equation of a first-order system is s + 1/τ = 0, where τ is the time constant.
Correct Answer:
A
— s + 1/τ = 0
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Q. What is the characteristic equation of a second-order system?
A.
s^2 + 2ζω_ns + ω_n^2 = 0
B.
s^2 + ω_n^2 = 0
C.
s^2 + 2ω_ns + ζ = 0
D.
s^2 + 2s + 1 = 0
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Solution
The characteristic equation of a second-order system is s^2 + 2ζω_ns + ω_n^2 = 0, where ζ is the damping ratio and ω_n is the natural frequency.
Correct Answer:
A
— s^2 + 2ζω_ns + ω_n^2 = 0
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Q. What is the characteristic of the small-signal model of a diode?
A.
Linear resistance
B.
Constant voltage drop
C.
Variable capacitance
D.
Current source
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Solution
In the small-signal model of a diode, it is represented as a linear resistance (dynamic resistance) around the operating point.
Correct Answer:
A
— Linear resistance
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Q. What is the effect of capacitance on the time response of an RC circuit?
A.
Increases time constant
B.
Decreases time constant
C.
No effect
D.
Increases current
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Solution
Increasing capacitance in an RC circuit increases the time constant (τ = R*C), leading to a slower time response.
Correct Answer:
A
— Increases time constant
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Q. What is the effect of increasing capacitance in an RC circuit?
A.
Faster response
B.
Slower response
C.
No effect
D.
Increased voltage
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Solution
Increasing capacitance in an RC circuit results in a slower response due to a larger time constant.
Correct Answer:
B
— Slower response
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Q. What is the final voltage across a capacitor in an RC circuit after a long time?
A.
0V
B.
V0
C.
V0/2
D.
V0*e^(-t/RC)
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Solution
After a long time, the voltage across the capacitor in an RC circuit approaches the supply voltage V0.
Correct Answer:
B
— V0
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Q. What is the formula for the time constant in an RL circuit?
A.
L/R
B.
R/L
C.
L+R
D.
R-L
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Solution
The time constant (τ) in an RL circuit is given by τ = L/R, where L is inductance and R is resistance.
Correct Answer:
A
— L/R
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Q. What is the formula for the time response of a first-order RC circuit to a step input?
A.
V(t) = V_final(1 - e^(-t/τ))
B.
V(t) = V_final(e^(-t/τ))
C.
V(t) = V_initial + (V_final - V_initial)(1 - e^(-t/τ))
D.
V(t) = V_initial + (V_final - V_initial)e^(-t/τ)
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Solution
The time response of a first-order RC circuit to a step input is given by V(t) = V_initial + (V_final - V_initial)(1 - e^(-t/τ)).
Correct Answer:
C
— V(t) = V_initial + (V_final - V_initial)(1 - e^(-t/τ))
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Q. What is the primary function of a rectifier in a circuit?
A.
Convert AC to DC
B.
Amplify signals
C.
Filter noise
D.
Store energy
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Solution
The primary function of a rectifier is to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC).
Correct Answer:
A
— Convert AC to DC
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Q. What is the response of an RC circuit to a step input?
A.
Exponential decay
B.
Linear decay
C.
Exponential rise
D.
Sinusoidal response
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Solution
The response of an RC circuit to a step input is an exponential rise towards the final voltage level.
Correct Answer:
C
— Exponential rise
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Q. What is the response of an underdamped second-order system to a step input?
A.
Exponential decay
B.
Oscillatory decay
C.
Constant value
D.
Linear increase
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Solution
An underdamped second-order system exhibits an oscillatory decay in response to a step input, characterized by oscillations that gradually decrease in amplitude.
Correct Answer:
B
— Oscillatory decay
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Q. What is the significance of the natural frequency (ω_n) in reactive circuits?
A.
It determines the maximum current
B.
It indicates the frequency of oscillation
C.
It affects the voltage drop
D.
It is irrelevant
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Solution
The natural frequency (ω_n) in reactive circuits indicates the frequency at which the system would oscillate if not damped.
Correct Answer:
B
— It indicates the frequency of oscillation
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Q. What is the significance of the time constant in reactive circuits?
A.
It determines the frequency response
B.
It indicates the speed of response
C.
It defines the maximum voltage
D.
It sets the power rating
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Solution
The time constant in reactive circuits indicates the speed of response to changes in voltage or current.
Correct Answer:
B
— It indicates the speed of response
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Q. What is the time response of a first-order system characterized by?
A.
Second-order differential equation
B.
First-order differential equation
C.
Zero-order differential equation
D.
Third-order differential equation
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Solution
The time response of a first-order system is characterized by a first-order differential equation.
Correct Answer:
B
— First-order differential equation
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Q. What is the unit of time constant?
A.
Seconds
B.
Ohms
C.
Farads
D.
Henries
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Solution
The time constant is measured in seconds, representing the time it takes for the circuit to respond.
Correct Answer:
A
— Seconds
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