The pattern is doubling each time: 2*2=4, 4*2=8, 8*2=16, so next is 16*2=32.

C=3, A=1, B=2; thus CAB=312.

The code is reverse of the alphabet; thus HELLO becomes SVOOL.

C=3, A=1, B=2, B=2, A=1, G=7, E=5. Total = 3+1+2+2+1+7+5=21.

If all cats are animals, then it follows that some animals are indeed cats.

Each letter is shifted by +1: B->C, I->J, R->S, D->E.

The letters are rearranged: FISH -> HISF (last letter first), so BIRD -> RIBD.

The letters are reversed in pairs; MANGO becomes ONAGM, so GRAPE becomes RGEAP.

The letters are reversed; thus BOOK becomes KOOB.

Each letter is shifted by +1; R+1=S, A+1=B, T+1=U.

The letters are reversed; thus CART becomes TRAC.

The letters are rearranged: RAT -> TAR, so TOP -> POT.

The pattern involves rearranging letters. SQUARE -> RQUAES, so CIRCLE -> RCEILC.

The letters are reversed; FIRE becomes ERIF.

Each letter is shifted by +1; F+1=G, I+1=J, R+1=S, E+1=F.

C=3, A=1, T=20. Total = 3 + 1 + 20 = 24.

He ends up 3 km East of his starting point.

Using Pythagorean theorem: distance = √(5^2 + 3^2) = √34 ≈ 8 km.

Using Pythagorean theorem: distance = √(10^2 + 10^2) = √200 = 14.14 km.

The person ends up 3 km east of the starting point after walking 5 km south.

Since all cats are mammals and some mammals are not dogs, it follows that some cats are not dogs.

Each letter is shifted by +1: B->C, O->P, O->P, K->L.

Each letter is shifted by +1. B->C, I->J, R->S, D->F.

Each letter is shifted by +1. B+1=C, I+1=J, R+1=S, D+1=F. So, BIRD is CJSF.

Each letter is shifted by +1. A->B, P->Q, L->M, E->F. So, APPLE is BQQMF.

Each letter is shifted by +1; C+1=D, O+1=P, L+1=M, L+1=M, E+1=F, G+1=H.

C=3, A=1, T=20; D=4, O=15, G=7; thus DOG=4157.

The pattern skips one letter each time: A (skip B) C (skip D) E (skip F) G (next is I).

The series is Fibonacci; next term is 3+5=8.

All numbers except 20 are multiples of 3.