Q. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. If you have one bird, you should not risk it for two. What does this idiom imply?
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A.
Take risks for greater rewards
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B.
Value what you have
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C.
Birds are not valuable
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D.
Always seek more
Solution
The idiom implies that it is better to hold onto what you have than to risk it for something that may not be attainable.
Correct Answer:
B
— Value what you have
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Q. A is taller than B. B is taller than C. Which of the following must be true?
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A.
A is taller than C
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B.
C is taller than A
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C.
B is the tallest
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D.
C is shorter than A
Solution
If A is taller than B and B is taller than C, then A must be taller than C.
Correct Answer:
A
— A is taller than C
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Q. All birds can fly. Penguins are birds. Therefore, penguins can fly. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only in some cases
-
D.
Only if they are young
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because not all birds can fly; penguins are an exception.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. All dogs bark. Some pets are dogs. Therefore, some pets bark. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
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B.
No
-
C.
Only if all pets are dogs
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D.
Only if some pets are not dogs
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if all dogs bark and some pets are dogs, then those pets must bark.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. All fruits are healthy. Some healthy foods are not fruits. Therefore, some fruits are not healthy. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
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B.
No
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C.
Only if all healthy foods are fruits
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D.
Only if some fruits are unhealthy
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because it contradicts the premise that all fruits are healthy.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. All mammals have hearts. Some whales are mammals. Therefore, some whales have hearts. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all mammals are whales
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D.
Only if some whales are not mammals
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if all mammals have hearts and some whales are mammals, then those whales must have hearts.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. All students are learners. Some learners are not teachers. Therefore, some students are not teachers. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all learners are students
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D.
Only if some students are teachers
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if all students are learners and some learners are not teachers, then some students must not be teachers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If 'A' is a parent and 'B' is a child, can we conclude that 'A' is not a child?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
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C.
Only if 'B' is not a parent
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D.
Only if 'A' is not a sibling
Solution
The conclusion is valid because a parent cannot also be a child in the same relationship context.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If 'A' is taller than 'B' and 'B' is taller than 'C', can we conclude that 'A' is taller than 'C'?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if 'C' is not taller than 'B'
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D.
Only if 'A' is not shorter than 'B'
Solution
The conclusion is valid due to the transitive property of height.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If 'X' is a square and 'Y' is a rectangle, can we conclude that 'X' is not a rectangle?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if 'Y' is not a square
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D.
Only if all rectangles are not squares
Solution
The conclusion is valid because a square is a specific type of rectangle, but not all rectangles are squares.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If all A are B and all B are C, can we conclude that all A are C?
-
A.
Yes
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B.
No
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C.
Only if A is a subset of B
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D.
Only if C is a subset of B
Solution
Yes, this is a valid syllogism known as transitive reasoning.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If all students study hard, and John is a student, can we conclude that John studies hard?
-
A.
Yes
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B.
No
-
C.
Only if John wants to pass
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D.
Cannot be determined
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if all students study hard and John is a student, then John must study hard.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. If all teachers are educated and some educated people are not rich, can we conclude that some teachers are not rich?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all educated people are teachers
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D.
Cannot be determined
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because while some educated people are not rich, it does not imply that any teachers are among them.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. If it rains, the ground gets wet. The ground is wet. Can we conclude that it rained?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if it was a heavy rain
-
D.
Cannot be determined
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because the ground could be wet for other reasons, not just rain.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. If it rains, the ground gets wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it rained. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if it has not been watered
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D.
Only if it is cloudy
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because the ground could be wet for other reasons, such as watering or other forms of precipitation.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. If some dogs are friendly and all friendly animals are pets, can we conclude that some dogs are pets?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all pets are dogs
-
D.
Only if some pets are not dogs
Solution
Yes, the conclusion is valid because if some dogs are friendly and all friendly animals are pets, then those friendly dogs must be pets.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. No birds are mammals. All sparrows are birds. Therefore, no sparrows are mammals. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all birds are sparrows
-
D.
Only if some birds are mammals
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if no birds are mammals and all sparrows are birds, then no sparrows can be mammals.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. No dogs are cats. Some pets are dogs. Therefore, some pets are not cats. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all pets are dogs
-
D.
Cannot be determined
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if no dogs are cats and some pets are dogs, then those pets cannot be cats.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. No fish can fly. Some birds can fly. Therefore, no birds are fish. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all flying things are birds
-
D.
Only if some fish can fly
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if no fish can fly and some birds can fly, it follows that no birds can be fish.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. Some cars are electric. All Teslas are cars. Therefore, some Teslas are electric. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all cars are electric
-
D.
Only if some cars are Teslas
Solution
The conclusion is not valid because while some cars are electric, it does not guarantee that any Teslas are electric.
Correct Answer:
B
— No
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Q. Some dogs are friendly. All friendly animals are loved. Therefore, some dogs are loved. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all dogs are friendly
-
D.
Only if some dogs are not loved
Solution
The conclusion is valid because if some dogs are friendly and all friendly animals are loved, then those dogs must be loved.
Correct Answer:
A
— Yes
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Q. Some fruits are sweet. All apples are fruits. Therefore, some apples are sweet. Is this conclusion valid?
-
A.
Yes
-
B.
No
-
C.
Only if all fruits are sweet
-
D.
Cannot be determined
Solution
The conclusion cannot be determined because while some fruits are sweet, it does not imply that apples are among them.
Correct Answer:
D
— Cannot be determined
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