The letters are converted to their positions in the alphabet: C(3) + A(1) + T(20) = 3120. Similarly, D(4) + O(15) + G(7) = 4157.

Both pairs represent animals, and 'BIRD' is another type of animal that is commonly associated with 'FISH'.

The pattern involves reversing the last two letters of the word. Thus, 'BIRD' becomes 'DBRI'.

The word 'PENCIL' is reversed to form 'CILNEP'. Therefore, 'BOOK' reversed is 'KOOB'.

Both A and B hold different professions, thus they are both professionals.

Since A is taller than B and B is shorter than C, it follows that C must be taller than A.

Since A is taller than B and B is shorter than C, it logically follows that C must be taller than A.

A and C are siblings since they share the same parents.

A is the sister of B, and since B is the brother of C, A is also the sister of C.

If A is north of B and C is east of B, then A is to the northwest of C.

In 2 hours, the first train travels 120 miles and the second train travels 160 miles, making them 280 miles apart.

Since penguins are a type of bird and not all birds can fly, it follows that no penguins can fly.

Since all cats are mammals and some mammals are not dogs, it follows that some cats must also not be dogs.

Since all cats are mammals and some mammals are not dogs, it follows that some cats cannot be dogs.

Since not all flowers are roses, it is possible that some flowers are not roses.

The code corresponds to the position of letters in the alphabet: D=4, O=15, G=7, so the code is 4157.

Each letter in 'WATER' is shifted by +1 to get 'XBTFS'. Applying the same shift to 'FIRE' gives 'GJTF'.

If the day before yesterday was Monday, then yesterday was Tuesday, today is Wednesday, and in three days it will be Thursday.

The sequence is the Fibonacci sequence where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones: 5 + 8 = 13.

The pattern is doubling each time: 5*2=10, 10*2=20, 20*2=40, so the next number is 40*2=80.

The sequence is doubling each time: 2*2=4, 4*2=8, 8*2=16, so the next number is 16*2=32.

Each letter in 'FISH' is shifted by +1 to get 'GJTI'. Similarly, 'BIRD' becomes 'CJSF'.

C is the mother of B, and since F is the grandfather, C must have a mother who is the grandmother.

D is the son of A and C, making him the grandson of F.