The principal quantum number n, azimuthal quantum number l, and magnetic quantum number m_l do not describe the spin of an electron. The spin quantum number s does.

Alkynes can undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the presence of the triple bond.

Hydroboration-oxidation is a two-step process that converts alkenes into alcohols.

Hydroboration followed by oxidation converts alkynes to cis-alkenes.

Hydrogenation of an alkyne will add hydrogen across the triple bond, converting it to an alkene.

Alkynes can be prepared by the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides.

Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the hydrolysis of esters.

Respiration is an exothermic reaction that releases energy, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is non-spontaneous under standard conditions, resulting in a positive ΔG.

Sublimation of dry ice (solid CO2 to gas) has a positive ΔH (endothermic) and a positive ΔS (increase in disorder).

The combustion of propane releases a large amount of energy, resulting in the highest enthalpy change among the options.

H2O → H2 + O2 involves the oxidation of water to hydrogen and oxygen, making it a redox reaction.

The combustion of glucose is a redox reaction where glucose is oxidized.

In the reaction Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2, iron (Fe) is reduced as it gains electrons from carbon monoxide (CO).

In the reaction 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2, the oxidation state of oxygen changes from -1 in H2O2 to 0 in O2, indicating that it is both oxidized and reduced.

The reaction C + O2 → CO2 is a redox reaction because carbon is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.

Hydrogenation refers to the addition of hydrogen (H2) to unsaturated hydrocarbons, such as the addition to ethene to form ethane.

Aldehydes can undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids, reduction to form alcohols, and condensation with alcohols to form hemiacetals.

Alkanes undergo free radical substitution reactions, especially in the presence of halogens.

Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition reactions due to the presence of a double bond.

Aromatic compounds typically undergo electrophilic substitution reactions rather than addition reactions due to their stable aromaticity.

The decomposition of liquid water into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen increases the number of gas molecules, leading to a positive change in entropy.

The combustion of hydrocarbons is highly exothermic and typically has a negative ΔG, indicating spontaneity.

Alkenes typically undergo addition reactions rather than substitution reactions.

A reaction with ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0 is spontaneous at all temperatures because it results in a negative ΔG.

Endothermic reactions with positive ΔS can have a negative ΔG at high temperatures due to the TΔS term becoming significant.

The Amazon Rainforest is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot due to its vast array of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic to the region.

The relation x ~ y if x + y is even is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive, thus it is an equivalence relation.

R = {(1, 2), (1, 3)} is not a function because the input 1 maps to two different outputs.

R1 is not a function because the input 1 maps to two different outputs (2 and 3).