The law of universal gravitation leads to the conclusion that the orbits of planets are elliptical, as described by Kepler's laws.

Urbanization often leads to the urban heat island effect, where urban areas become significantly warmer than their rural surroundings.

Ampere's Law is used to find the magnetic field in a toroid, where the symmetry allows for straightforward application of the law.

Raoult's Law is used to find the vapor pressure of a solution based on the vapor pressures of its components.

The Binomial Theorem is specifically used for expanding expressions of the form (x + y)^n.

For a number to be divisible by 11, the difference between the sum of the digits in odd positions and the sum of the digits in even positions must be divisible by 11.

The decimal number 10 is represented as 1010 in binary.

Homo sapiens is the correct example of binomial nomenclature, where the genus name is capitalized and the species name is in lowercase.

The correct expression for electric current is I = V/R, according to Ohm's law.

The correct expression for Gibbs Free Energy is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

'Call the shots' means to make decisions or take charge.

'Miss the boat' means to make a mistake or miss an opportunity.

The y-intercept is defined as the point where the line crosses the y-axis, which occurs when x is zero.

The y-intercept (b) is the value of y when x equals zero.

In passive voice, the focus is on the action done to 'the letter', which is correctly stated here.

A quadratic polynomial is defined as a polynomial of degree 2, which is represented by x^2 + 2x + 1.

0.00450 has 3 significant figures due to the trailing zero after the 5.

A number is divisible by 10 if it ends in 0.

For a number to be divisible by 11, the difference between the sum of the digits in odd positions and even positions must be divisible by 11.

To check for divisibility by 7, you can double the last digit and subtract it from the rest of the number.

The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

'Thorough' means paying great attention to detail, which aligns with 'meticulous'.

All listed options are valid units for concentration.

Gibbs Free Energy can be expressed in various units, including Joules per mole, kilojoules, and calories.

Molality is defined as moles of solute per kilogram of solvent, hence the unit is mol/kg.

He was pulling my leg about the surprise party is the correct use of the idiom.

Cyclohexane is a cyclic hydrocarbon with a ring structure.

The ability to reproduce is a defining characteristic of life, while the others may not apply to all living organisms.

Annelids, such as earthworms, are characterized by their segmented bodies, which is a defining feature of this phylum.

The kingdom Animalia is defined by multicellular and heterotrophic organisms.