The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence above which total internal reflection occurs, and it is always less than 90 degrees.

The equilibrium constant Kc is temperature-dependent; it changes with temperature but is constant for a given reaction at a specific temperature.

A concave lens always forms a virtual image regardless of the position of the object.

The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual, erect, and located behind the mirror at the same distance as the object.

The magnetic field due to a current-carrying loop is strongest at the center of the loop and decreases as you move away from the center.

The magnetic field due to a long straight conductor decreases with increasing distance from the conductor.

Inside a long solenoid, the magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid, provided the solenoid is long enough.

According to Ohm's Law, current (I) is directly proportional to voltage (V) when resistance (R) is constant.

A concave lens diverges light rays, and it has a negative focal length.

A convex mirror always forms virtual images and has a negative focal length.

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously.

A plane mirror always forms a virtual image that is the same size as the object and is erect.

A concave lens always forms a virtual image that cannot be projected on a screen; hence, a real image cannot be formed.

Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones due to the presence of the hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

An ideal gas is considered to have no volume and no intermolecular forces, making option D correct.

For capacitors in parallel, the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitances: C_total = C₁ + C₂ + ...

Electric current flows from positive to negative in a circuit.

Exothermic reactions release heat, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

Ideal gases are considered to have no volume and no intermolecular forces.

Laminar flow is characterized by smooth and orderly fluid motion, typically occurring at low velocities.

The Arrhenius equation relates temperature to the rate constant and includes activation energy.

Ketones generally have higher boiling points than aldehydes due to stronger dipole-dipole interactions.

[Ag(NH3)2]+ is a linear complex because silver (Ag) has a coordination number of 2 with two bidentate ligands.

The complex [Cr(NH3)6]3+ is octahedral with a coordination number of 6, as it is surrounded by six ammonia ligands.

The equilibrium constant Kc is dependent on temperature; changing the temperature will change the value of Kc.

The magnetic field around a long straight conductor decreases with distance from the conductor, following the inverse relationship.

A solenoid produces a uniform magnetic field inside and negligible field outside when it is long compared to its diameter.

Inside a long solenoid, the magnetic field is uniform and parallel to the axis of the solenoid, provided the solenoid is long enough.

Gases have the weakest intermolecular forces, allowing particles to move freely.

Chromosomes are structures that carry genetic information in the form of genes.