The genotype 'AA' represents a homozygous dominant individual.

A phenotype is the observable characteristic, such as brown eyes.

Systematic errors are consistent and repeatable inaccuracies, often due to calibration errors.

A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive individual (AA x aa) to determine the genotype of the former.

Significant figures include all non-zero digits and any zeros between them or trailing after a decimal point.

The ideal gas constant can be represented as R = 0.0821 L·atm/(K·mol) or R = 8.314 J/(K·mol).

Covalent solids exhibit a high degree of anisotropy due to their directional bonding.

Metallic solids have high thermal conductivity due to the presence of free-moving electrons.

Boiling point elevation is proportional to the number of particles in solution. CaCl2 dissociates into 3 ions (1 Ca²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻), giving the highest elevation.

MnO4- is a strong oxidizing agent because it can gain electrons and be reduced to Mn2+.

In this reaction, sodium (Na) is oxidized as it loses electrons to form Na+.

F2 is the strongest oxidizing agent among the halogens due to its high electronegativity and ability to gain electrons.

Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.

Not all alcohols are volatile; for example, long-chain alcohols have lower volatility.

Chemisorption involves the formation of strong chemical bonds between the adsorbate and the surface, making it generally irreversible.

Evolution can occur in response to environmental changes, allowing species to adapt to new conditions over time.

Hydrogen is a non-metal at room temperature and does not exhibit metallic properties.

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction where offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.

Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe, found in stars and interstellar space.

Respiration in plants produces more energy than fermentation, as it fully oxidizes glucose in the presence of oxygen.

Both statements are true; solutes affect the colligative properties of solvents.

A galvanic cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy spontaneously.

Alkali metals are good conductors of electricity due to the presence of free-moving electrons.

Alkenes are characterized by the presence of at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Aromatic compounds are characterized by the presence of a benzene ring, which is a stable cyclic structure.

Electric current is defined as the flow of electrons in a conductor.

Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

Phenols are stronger acids than alcohols due to the resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion.

Sound waves require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) to travel and cannot propagate through a vacuum.

Surface tension is a property of liquids that causes them to minimize their surface area, allowing them to form droplets.