Increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction shifts the equilibrium to the left, favoring the reactants, as the system attempts to absorb the added heat.

In an exothermic reaction, the system releases heat, resulting in a decrease in enthalpy (ΔH < 0).

According to Boyle's Law, P1V1 = P2V2; if V doubles, P halves.

In an isothermal process, the temperature remains constant, which means the internal energy of an ideal gas does not change.

The formation of the carbocation is the rate-determining step in an SN1 reaction, as it involves breaking the bond to the leaving group.

In an SN2 reaction, the nucleophile attacks from the opposite side of the leaving group, resulting in inversion of configuration.

Methyl iodide reacts the fastest in an SN2 reaction due to minimal steric hindrance and the good leaving ability of iodide.

S_N2 reactions result in inversion of configuration at the chiral center due to the backside attack of the nucleophile.

The salt bridge maintains charge balance by allowing ions to flow between the two half-cells, preventing charge buildup.

The cathode is the site of reduction in electrochemical cells.

Electrochemical sensors measure current as a response to the concentration of analytes, which is related to the electrochemical reaction occurring.

The Nernst equation relates the cell potential to the concentrations of the reactants and products, allowing for calculation of voltage under non-standard conditions.

Faradaic current refers to the current associated with redox reactions occurring at the electrode surface.

In electrolysis, reduction occurs at the cathode.

During electrolysis, ions in the electrolyte are oxidized or reduced at the electrodes, leading to chemical changes.

During electrolysis, hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode when water is electrolyzed.

In electrolysis, reduction occurs at the cathode as electrons are gained.

The direction of ion movement in electrophoresis is determined by the charge of the ion; cations move towards the cathode and anions towards the anode.

The migration speed of ions in electrophoresis is primarily influenced by the strength of the electric field applied.

Electrophoresis separates ions based on their charge, allowing them to migrate in an electric field.

The movement of ions in electrophoresis is primarily determined by their charge; positively charged ions move towards the cathode.

In electroplating, metal ions in the solution are reduced at the cathode, depositing metal onto the surface.

Sodium ions produce a bright yellow flame when subjected to a flame test.

Sodium ions produce a characteristic bright yellow color in flame tests.

The anode is where the oxidation of the fuel occurs, releasing electrons that flow through an external circuit.

The stationary phase in gas chromatography provides a surface for interaction with the analytes, allowing for separation based on their different affinities.

In gas chromatography, the stationary phase is typically a liquid coated on a solid support.

The strong peak around 1700 cm-1 is characteristic of the carbonyl (C=O) stretch found in ketones.

Ketones typically show a strong absorption around 1700 cm-1 due to the C=O stretching vibration.

A broad peak in this region typically indicates the presence of O-H stretching vibrations in alcohols or phenols.