Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments, such as oil spills.

Marker-assisted selection helps breeders identify plants that carry desirable traits based on genetic markers.

Biopesticides are used to control pest populations in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.

Marker-assisted selection is used to identify and select plants with desirable traits more efficiently in breeding programs.

Photosynthesis produces oxygen, which is then used in respiration, highlighting their interdependent relationship.

Abscisic acid primarily functions to inhibit growth and promote stress responses in plants.

Actinobacteria play a crucial role in decomposing organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling in soil.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a vector for gene transfer in plant biotechnology, facilitating the introduction of new genes into plant cells.

Alkaloids serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores due to their toxicity.

ATP provides energy and NADPH provides reducing power for the Calvin cycle.

ATP and NADPH provide the energy and reducing power needed for the Calvin cycle.

ATP serves as the energy source for the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

ATP synthase synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during the light reactions.

Auxins inhibit the growth of lateral buds, maintaining apical dominance in plants.

Chlorophyll captures light energy, which is essential for the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.

Cytokinins are hormones that stimulate cell division and promote shoot development.

Cytokinins stimulate cell division, promote root growth, and inhibit leaf senescence.

Essential oils from plants often possess antimicrobial properties, making them useful in health and wellness.

Essential oils help plants defend against pests and can have therapeutic effects in humans.

Essential oils help protect plants from pests and diseases, and can have therapeutic effects when used in aromatherapy.

Essential oils serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens.

Histones are proteins that help package DNA into a compact, organized structure called chromatin.

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific cells, making them useful in therapies and diagnostics.

Mutations provide the raw material for evolution by introducing new genetic variations into a population.

Mycorrhizae enhance nutrient absorption for plants, particularly phosphorus.

Mycorrhizae enhance nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus, from the soil.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient absorption, particularly phosphorus, for plants.

NADPH serves as an electron carrier in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.