PCR is not used for protein synthesis; it is primarily used for amplifying DNA for various applications.

Sjögren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the glands that produce moisture, leading to dry eyes and mouth.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is often associated with the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), which are used as a diagnostic marker.

Graves' Disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to the overproduction of thyroid hormones due to the immune system's attack on the thyroid gland.

In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through hydrogen bonds.

Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form the primary structure of peptides.

B cells are responsible for the humoral immune response, producing antibodies that target specific antigens.

Macrophages are key players in the innate immune response, providing immediate defense against pathogens.

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) pumps protons into the intermembrane space.

A spectrophotometer is essential for a UV luminance spectroscopy setup, as it measures the intensity of light absorbed by the sample.

The column is essential for the separation process in HPLC, as it contains the stationary phase where the separation occurs.

The stationary phase is responsible for the separation of compounds in chromatography.

The photodetector is responsible for detecting the infrared light after it interacts with the sample in FTIR spectroscopy.

Cholesterol molecules intercalate between phospholipids, maintaining membrane fluidity across varying temperatures.

Cholesterol molecules interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer help maintain membrane fluidity.

The injector is responsible for vaporizing the sample before it enters the column.

Oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the TCA cycle, allowing the cycle to continue.

Cyanide inhibits Complex IV of the electron transport chain, blocking oxidative phosphorylation.

All of these conditions can lead to protein aggregation and loss of function.

Interferons are key cytokines that help regulate immune responses, particularly in viral infections.

Interleukin-2 is crucial for T cell activation and proliferation during the immune response.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Aconitase catalyzes the conversion of citrate to isocitrate in the TCA cycle.

Hexokinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase catalyzes the first step of the urea cycle, converting ammonia and bicarbonate to carbamoyl phosphate.

Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase initiates fatty acid oxidation by converting fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA.

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, which is essential for recombinant DNA technology.

Amylase is the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Catalase is the enzyme that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.