The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Spirochaetes are typically classified as Gram-negative bacteria.

Epithelioid cell formation is a characteristic feature of granulomatous inflammation, often seen in conditions like tuberculosis.

The hallmark symptom of major depressive disorder is persistent sadness or a low mood that lasts for most of the day, nearly every day.

Special proteins can significantly increase crop yield by enhancing stress tolerance and nutrient uptake.

The incubation period for brucellosis typically ranges from 2 to 4 weeks after exposure.

The incubation period for Norovirus is typically 12-48 hours.

The incubation period for rabies can range from 1 to 3 months, depending on the site of entry and viral load.

The incubation period for smallpox is typically 7-17 days before symptoms appear.

HPLC provides faster separation and higher resolution compared to other chromatography methods.

The main advantage of fed-batch fermentation is the potential for higher yield due to controlled nutrient addition.

Affinity chromatography offers high selectivity for the target biomolecule, allowing for effective purification.

CRISPR-Cas9 offers high precision, is relatively low cost, and can be designed to work without selectable markers.

Gas chromatography offers higher sensitivity for volatile compounds compared to liquid chromatography.

HPLC provides high resolution and speed, making it a powerful technique for protein purification.

Monoclonal antibodies are advantageous because they can be engineered to target specific antigens, improving treatment efficacy.

The main advantage of using plant cell culture for genetic engineering is that it enables the introduction of foreign genes into plant cells.

One of the main advantages of Raman spectroscopy is that it typically requires no sample preparation, allowing for in situ analysis.

Recombinant antibodies can be produced in large quantities, are often more stable, and can be engineered for specific functions.

Recombinant DNA technology allows for the production of proteins with modified properties, enhancing their functionality and application.

The complement fixation test is primarily used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's serum.

The subclavian artery is the main artery supplying the upper limb.

The coronary artery supplies blood to the heart muscle.

Microbial processes in wastewater treatment help reduce organic matter, making water safer for discharge.

Carbon dioxide is the main byproduct of aerobic respiration.

The main byproduct of ethanol fermentation is carbon dioxide, which is released during the process.

Candida species can cause systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

Collagen is the main component of bone tissue, providing strength and flexibility.

DNA is the main component of chromosomes, carrying the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms.