Reduction is defined as the gain of electrons, and it always occurs simultaneously with oxidation in redox reactions.

RMS speed is always greater than average speed for a gas due to the nature of the calculations involved.

Compound interest will always be greater than simple interest for the same principal, rate, and time, except for the case of zero interest.

-I effect withdraws electron density, which can destabilize carbocations and stabilize carbanions.

The activation energy (Ea) of a reaction is always positive.

Activation energy is always positive as it represents the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.

When two lines intersect, the angles opposite each other (vertical angles) are always equal. Therefore, the correct statement is that vertical angles are always equal.

The Arrhenius equation relates temperature to the rate constant and includes activation energy.

The base-8 number system, also known as octal, uses digits from 0 to 7. Therefore, the correct statement is that it uses digits 0-7.

The Biot-Savart Law can be used for any current distribution, not just straight conductors.

The boiling point of a liquid increases with increasing atmospheric pressure.

Ketones generally have higher boiling points than aldehydes due to stronger dipole-dipole interactions.

All quadrilaterals are indeed polygons, as they are defined as shapes with four sides, which fits the definition of a polygon.

[Fe(CN)6]3- is a low-spin complex due to the strong field ligand CN-, which causes pairing of electrons.

[Ag(NH3)2]+ is a linear complex because silver (Ag) has a coordination number of 2 with two bidentate ligands.

[Co(NH3)6]3+ is octahedral in geometry due to the six ligands surrounding the cobalt ion.

The complex [Cr(NH3)6]3+ is octahedral with a coordination number of 6, as it is surrounded by six ammonia ligands.

In [Cu(NH3)4]SO4, copper is in +2 oxidation state, NH3 is a monodentate ligand, making the statement 'All of the above' incorrect.

The composition of two functions can result in a function or not, depending on the nature of the original functions.

The presence of outliers is evident in the graph, which affects the overall trend of the data.

The Earth's magnetic field has a magnetic north and south pole and affects compass needles, causing them to align with the field.

For second period elements, σ2p is lower in energy than π2p.

The equilibrium constant (K) is dependent on temperature; it changes with temperature variations.

The equilibrium constant Kc is dependent on temperature; changing the temperature will change the value of Kc.

The equilibrium constant Kc is dependent on temperature; changing the temperature will change the value of Kc.

The property of modular arithmetic states that (a + b) mod n = [(a mod n) + (b mod n)] mod n.

The property of exponents states that a^(m+n) = a^m * a^n.

36 is indeed a perfect square as it can be expressed as 6 x 6.

The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of conservation of energy, applicable to all thermodynamic systems.

The Freundlich adsorption isotherm describes heterogeneous adsorption on surfaces with varying affinities, making it suitable for real-world applications.