Using Ampere's Law, B = μ₀NI/2πr inside a toroidal solenoid.

The magnetic field strength in a toroidal solenoid is directly proportional to the number of turns per unit length.

The magnetic field inside a toroidal solenoid is given by B = μ₀nI, where n is the number of turns per unit length along the circular path.

The magnetic field inside a toroidal solenoid is given by B = μ₀nI.

Since the angle of incidence (45°) is less than the critical angle (approximately 41.8° for glass to air), total internal reflection does not occur, and the angle of refraction cannot be calculated.

The critical angle for water to air is approximately 48.6 degrees. Therefore, the minimum angle of incidence is 60 degrees.

In a transformer, the voltage ratio is directly proportional to the turns ratio. Therefore, if the secondary coil has more turns, the secondary voltage will be greater than the primary voltage.

The voltage ratio in a transformer is given by Vp/Vs = Np/Ns, so Vp/Vs = 100/200 = 1/2, hence Vs = 2Vp.

The voltage ratio in a transformer is given by the turns ratio: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns. Here, Vp = 2Vs.

The voltage ratio in a transformer is equal to the turns ratio: V1/V2 = N1/N2. Here, V1/V2 = 100/50 = 2.

Turns ratio = Np/Ns = 200/50 = 4:1.

The voltage ratio in a transformer is inversely proportional to the turns ratio: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns = 200/50 = 4.

Increasing the distance between the slits (d) decreases the fringe width, which in turn reduces the number of visible fringes on the screen.

Increasing the distance between the slits (d) decreases the fringe separation, as fringe separation is inversely proportional to d.

Fringe spacing (β) is directly proportional to the distance to the screen (D). If D is doubled, the fringe spacing also doubles.

At the first minimum, the intensity is 0 due to destructive interference.

At the first minimum, the intensity is 0 due to destructive interference.

Increasing the intensity from one slit increases the overall intensity of the interference pattern.

In uniform circular motion, speed remains constant while velocity and acceleration change direction.

In a uniform electric field, the electric potential changes linearly with distance.

Equipotential surfaces are always perpendicular to electric field lines.

In a uniform electric field, the equipotential surfaces are parallel planes.

The potential difference is directly proportional to both the distance between the points and the magnitude of the electric field.

In a uniform electric field, the potential difference (V) between two points separated by a distance (d) is given by V = E × d, where E is the electric field strength.

In a uniform electric field, the potential difference (V) between two points is given by V = Ed, where d is the distance between the points.

The magnetic force is maximum when the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field is 90 degrees, as sin(90°) = 1.

Convection is not possible in a vacuum as it requires a medium (fluid) for heat transfer.

In a vacuum, light travels fastest at approximately 3 x 10^8 m/s.

The time taken for a fluid to flow through a capillary tube is directly related to its viscosity.

'A' represents the amplitude of the wave, which is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.