In a refrigerator, work is done on the system to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body, which is against the natural flow of heat.

The electric flux Φ through a surface area A in a uniform electric field E is given by Φ = EA when the surface is perpendicular to the field.

The electric flux is maximum when the angle between the electric field and the normal to the surface is 0°, as Φ = E·A·cos(θ).

A plane is the simplest Gaussian surface for uniform electric fields, as it allows for straightforward calculation of flux.

Since L = Iω, if L is doubled and I remains constant, then ω must also double.

Torque (τ) = F × r = 30 N × 2 m = 60 Nm.

To balance the seesaw, the other child must exert an equal torque of 30 N·m.

The energy required to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band is known as the band gap energy.

Total resistance R = 2Ω + 3Ω + 5Ω = 10Ω. Current I = V / R = 12V / 10Ω = 1.2A.

Total resistance R = R1 + R2 = 3Ω + 6Ω = 9Ω. Current I = V/R = 12V/9Ω = 4/3A.

Total resistance R = R1 + R2 = 4Ω + 8Ω = 12Ω; I = V / R = 12V / 12Ω = 1A.

In a series circuit, if one resistor fails, the circuit is broken and the current becomes zero.

In a series circuit, if one resistor fails open, the current becomes zero because the circuit is broken.

In a series circuit, total resistance R_total = R1 + R2 = 5 Ω + 10 Ω = 15 Ω.

In series, total resistance R_total = R1 + R2 = 5 + 10 = 15 Ω.

In a series circuit, removing a resistor decreases the total resistance because the total resistance is the sum of all resistances.

At resonance in a series RLC circuit, the inductive reactance (X_L) equals the capacitive reactance (X_C), hence X_L = X_C.

Increasing the resistance in a series RLC circuit decreases the bandwidth of the resonance because the quality factor (Q) is inversely proportional to resistance.

In a series RLC circuit, increasing the resistance decreases the bandwidth because the quality factor (Q) is inversely proportional to resistance.

Increasing the resistance in a series RLC circuit decreases the bandwidth of the resonance peak.

At resonance, the current is maximum in a series RLC circuit.

Beyond the resonant frequency, the circuit becomes more inductive, causing the current to decrease.

The condition for resonance in a series RLC circuit is ωL = 1/ωC.

The slope of the linear portion of the shear stress-strain curve represents the shear modulus of the material.

Total energy E is proportional to the square of the amplitude. If amplitude is halved, energy is reduced to 1/4, hence it halves.

The total energy in simple harmonic motion is proportional to the square of the amplitude. If the amplitude increases, the total energy increases.

The period (T) increases with mass (T = 2π√(m/k)).

The period T is given by T = 2π√(m/k). If m increases, T increases.

The maximum displacement from the mean position in simple harmonic motion is called Amplitude.

The maximum displacement from the mean position in simple harmonic motion is called the amplitude.