The –OH group is a strong +M director as it donates electron density through resonance.

The -F group is a strong -I group due to its high electronegativity.

-NO2 is a strong -M group as it withdraws electron density through resonance.

The –OH group is a strong electron-donating group through resonance (+M effect).

-CH3 is a weak +M director as it can donate some electron density but is less effective than -OH or -OCH3.

The –I effect decreases in strength down the group in the halogens, making –I the weakest -I group.

The -CH3 group exhibits a weak -I effect as it is a weak electron-donating group.

-F is a weak -M group as it has a slight electron-withdrawing effect but is not as strong as -CHO or -COOH.

Eukarya is characterized by the presence of a true nucleus in its cells.

-F is considered a weak -I group compared to -NO2 and -CN.

Bacteria are known for being prokaryotic organisms.

-CH3 exhibits a +I effect as it donates electron density through inductive effect.

Birds are the only group of animals that possess feathers, which are essential for flight and insulation.

Birds are the only group of animals characterized by the presence of feathers.

Amphibians typically have a three-chambered heart, consisting of two atria and one ventricle.

Echinodermata, such as starfish and sea urchins, possess a unique water vascular system used for locomotion and feeding.

Insects are classified under the kingdom Animalia.

Algae are classified under the kingdom Protista.

Plants have a cell wall made of cellulose, which is a defining characteristic.

Eukarya is the group of organisms that have a true nucleus.

Gymnosperms are known for having seeds, which are not enclosed in fruits.

Pteridophytes are known for having true roots, stems, and leaves.

Gymnosperms are known for producing seeds, which are not enclosed in an ovary.

Pteridophytes are known for producing spores as a means of reproduction.

Bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, are primarily aquatic and require water for reproduction.

Pteridophytes reproduce through spores, while angiosperms and gymnosperms reproduce through seeds.

The -OCH3 group shows +M effect as it donates electrons through resonance.

The –OH group donates electron density through resonance, exhibiting a +M effect.

-NO2 is a strong electron-withdrawing group that decreases electron density on the benzene ring.

Iodobutane can be converted to an alcohol by hydrolysis, while bromobenzene requires a different mechanism due to its aromatic nature.