A gene is the basic unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

A gene is the basic unit of heredity, responsible for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

The D-value is the time required to reduce the microbial population by 90%, which in this case is 5 minutes.

Increased carbon dioxide concentration generally increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.

Increased light intensity generally increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.

Increased light intensity generally increases the rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.

The rate of photosynthesis generally increases with light intensity up to a certain point.

The end product of anaerobic respiration in plants is ethanol, which is produced when oxygen is not available.

The end product of the Calvin cycle is glucose.

The expected genotype ratio from a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) is 1:2:1, representing the possible combinations of alleles.

The expected genotypic ratio from a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross of Aa x Aa is 1:2:1.

The expected genotypic ratio from a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.

The expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes.

The expected genotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected genotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross is 1:2:1, representing the combinations of alleles.

The expected phenotypic ratio in a monohybrid cross is 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits.

In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.

In a monohybrid cross, the expected phenotypic ratio is 3:1, where three offspring display the dominant trait and one displays the recessive trait.

The expected phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.

The expected phenotypic ratio of a test cross involving a heterozygous individual is 1:1, as it is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.

A promoter is a DNA sequence that initiates transcription by providing a binding site for RNA polymerase.

Capillaries are small blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves, allowing for growth and movement.

Collenchyma cells provide flexible support to young stems and leaves.

Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata, controlling gas exchange and water loss.

Memory B cells are responsible for remembering past infections and can quickly produce antibodies upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Memory cells are long-lived cells that remember past infections and enable a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Memory T cells provide long-term immunity by remaining in the body after an infection and responding more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) serves as the template that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.