Bacteria, such as E. coli, are often used as hosts for recombinant DNA technology due to their rapid growth and ease of manipulation.

Rhizobium bacteria form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants and are key players in nitrogen fixation.

The root anchors the plant to the ground and provides stability.

Flowers are the reproductive structures in flowering plants.

The G1 phase follows the M phase, marking the beginning of a new cell cycle after division.

The M phase is where mitosis occurs, leading to the division of the cell into two daughter cells.

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

Cytokinins are primarily associated with promoting shoot development in plant cell culture.

Abscisic acid plays a crucial role in plant stress responses, including drought and salinity.

Callus tissue is commonly used for transformation because it can regenerate into whole plants and is more amenable to transformation.

Micropropagation is essential for creating synthetic seeds, as it involves growing plant tissues in a controlled environment.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts, where light energy is converted into chemical energy.

Transpiration creates a negative pressure in the leaves, which helps pull water upward through the xylem.

Meiosis is the process that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes for sexual reproduction.

The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) oversees the use of transgenic animals in research, along with other regulatory bodies.

Heat shock proteins are produced in response to stress and help protect plant cells from damage.

Albumin proteins play a crucial role in seed germination by providing essential nutrients to the developing plant.

Storage proteins can influence the flavor profile of crops by affecting the accumulation of flavor compounds.

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, leading to the synthesis of sugars.

Stomata are small openings on leaves that facilitate gas exchange.

Barley is the most commonly used substrate in the brewing industry for ethanol production, particularly in beer.

Sucrose is the most commonly used sugar in plant tissue culture media as it provides energy for the growing cells.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used technique in plant genetic engineering for precise editing of plant genomes.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used technique for creating transgenic animals by allowing precise editing of the genome.

Chromatography is a widely used technique for purifying synthesized therapeutic agents.

Photolithography is a widely used technology for the fabrication of biochips, allowing for precise patterning of biomolecules on a substrate.

Light beer is typically lower in calories compared to regular beers.

Immunosensors are specifically designed to detect pathogens by utilizing antibodies that bind to the target microorganisms.

Cosmids are a type of cloning vector that is derived from bacteriophages.

Dehydrin proteins help plants survive under drought conditions by protecting cellular structures.