Auxins are plant hormones that primarily promote cell elongation and are crucial for root formation in plant tissue culture.

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to create a continuous DNA strand.

Glycoproteins play a key role in cell recognition and signaling by serving as identification markers on the cell surface.

Histones are proteins that package and order DNA into structural units called nucleosomes, playing a key role in gene regulation.

Interneurons function to connect sensory and motor neurons within the reflex pathway, facilitating the reflex response.

Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that inhibits appetite and regulates energy balance.

Macrophages can phagocytize pathogens, produce antibodies, and activate T cells.

Membrane transport proteins assist in the movement of substances across the cell membrane, either passively or actively.

Mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient uptake for plants, particularly phosphorus.

Phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, engulf and digest pathogens as part of the immune response.

Phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, thus playing a critical role in deactivating signaling pathways.

Primase synthesizes short RNA primers needed for DNA polymerase to start replication.

The bacterial cell wall provides protection and maintains the shape of the cell.

The complement system enhances inflammation, opsonizes pathogens, and can directly lyse them.

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself, ensuring it receives the oxygen and nutrients needed to function.

The cuticle helps in water retention by providing a protective layer on the surface of leaves.

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of lipids and proteins, with rough ER being studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Ligase is responsible for joining DNA fragments together during the repair process.

The Fc region of an antibody is involved in binding to receptors on immune cells and activating the complement system.

The Golgi tendon organ senses changes in muscle tension and helps to prevent excessive force during muscle contractions.

The Golgi tendon organ functions to detect muscle tension, providing feedback to prevent excessive force during muscle contraction.

The hypothalamus regulates the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland, which in turn influences various hormonal functions in the body.

The loop of Henle is primarily responsible for concentrating urine by creating a concentration gradient in the renal medulla.

The pelvic floor muscles support the pelvic organs and help maintain continence.

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that supports abdominal organs and provides a frictionless surface for movement.

Pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

The sinoatrial (SA) node is known as the heart's natural pacemaker, initiating the heartbeat.

The stretch reflex helps maintain muscle tone and posture by automatically adjusting muscle length in response to stretching.

Transcription factors are proteins that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and initiate transcription.

Trypsin is an enzyme used to detach adherent cells from the culture surface, allowing for passaging and subculturing.