Using Ampere's Law, B = μ₀nI where n is the number of turns per unit length.

The moment of inertia of a solid disk about an axis through its center is I = 1/2 MR^2.

The moment of inertia of a solid disk about an axis through its center is I = 1/2 MR^2.

According to Raoult's Law, the vapor pressure of the solution is P_A = X_A * P_A^0 = 0.6 * 100 mmHg = 60 mmHg.

For a solution to obey Raoult's Law, the interactions between solute and solvent must be similar to those in the pure components.

The electric field outside a spherical charge distribution behaves as if all the charge were concentrated at the center, so E = Q/4πε₀r².

For a spontaneous process, the total entropy change of the universe (system + surroundings) must be positive.

The correct relationship is ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔG must be negative for a spontaneous process.

The relationship is given by ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔG must be negative for a spontaneous process.

For a process to be spontaneous, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) must be negative.

The moment of inertia for a system of particles is calculated as I = Σ(m_i * r_i^2), where m_i is the mass and r_i is the distance from the axis.

This is known as the Parallel Axis Theorem, which states that I = Σ(m_i * r_i^2).

The moment of inertia is calculated by summing the products of mass and the square of the distance from the axis of rotation.

The total moment of inertia for a system of particles is calculated by adding the individual moments of inertia.

The total moment of inertia for a system of particles is the sum of each particle's moment of inertia, I_total = Σ(m_i * r_i^2).

The moment of inertia of a thin circular ring about an axis through its center and perpendicular to its plane is I = MR^2.

The magnetic field inside a toroid is given by B = μ₀NI/2πR.

For r > R, the electric field behaves as if all the charge were concentrated at the center, given by E = Q/(4πε₀r²).

In a zero-order reaction, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of reactants.

In a zero-order reaction, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of the reactants.

For d orbitals, the azimuthal quantum number l = 2.

For l=2 (d orbital), m_l can take values from -l to +l, which are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.

For a p orbital, l=1, so m_l can take values -1, 0, +1.

The spin quantum number (m_s) can take values of -1/2 and +1/2.

For a p orbital (l=1), m_l can take values -1, 0, +1.

For l=2 (d orbital), m_l can take values from -2 to +2, which are -2, -1, 0, 1, 2.

The RMS speed increases with temperature as v_rms = sqrt(3RT/M) shows that it is directly proportional to the square root of temperature T.

According to Boyle's law, for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. Halving the volume will double the pressure.

The equation of state for an ideal gas is given by PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.

The ideal gas law is given by the equation PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature.