A rise in the water table typically decreases the effective stress in the soil, leading to a reduction in bearing capacity.

The effective stress principle states that effective stress is equal to total stress minus pore water pressure.

Factor of Safety = Yield Strength / (Max Load / Area) = 250 MPa / (10 kN / 50 cm²) = 250 / 20 = 12.5, which is incorrect. The correct calculation should yield a factor of safety of 2.0.

The factor of safety (FoS) is calculated as FoS = Yield Strength / Maximum Stress = 150 MPa / 30 MPa = 5.

The factor of safety (FS) is calculated as FS = Ultimate Load / Working Load = 150 kN / 75 kN = 2.0.

The factor of safety (FS) is calculated as FS = Ultimate Load / Allowable Load = 100 kN / 50 kN = 2.0.

Factor of safety (FS) is calculated as FS = Allowable Bearing Capacity / Actual Bearing Pressure. Thus, FS = 150 kPa / 100 kPa = 1.5.

Factor of Safety = Ultimate Load / Working Load = 50 kN / 20 kN = 2.5.

The factor of safety (FS) is calculated as FS = Ultimate Load / Allowable Load = 100 kN / 50 kN = 2.0.

The deflection (δ) at the center of a simply supported beam with a point load (P) is given by δ = PL^3 / 48EI.

The moment of inertia (I) for a rectangular beam section is given by I = bh^3/12, where b is the width and h is the height.

The moment of inertia I for a rectangular section is calculated as I = bh^3/12, where b is the base and h is the height.

The reaction forces at the supports of a simply supported beam with a uniform load (w) are each equal to wL/2.

The shear force V at a section of a beam subjected to a point load P and a uniformly distributed load w is given by V = P - w * x, where x is the distance from the load.

The shear force (V) at a distance 'x' from the left support is given by V = R - wx, where R is the reaction at the support and w is the uniform load.

The deflection (δ) at the center of a simply supported beam under a central point load (P) is given by δ = PL^3 / 48EI.

The moment of inertia (I) for a rectangular beam section is given by I = bh^3/12, where b is the base and h is the height.

The moment of inertia I of a rectangular section is given by I = bh^3/12, where b is the width and h is the height.

The reaction at each support of a simply supported beam with a uniform load (W) is given by R = WL/2.

The shear force (V) at a section x from the left end of a simply supported beam with a point load (W) at one end is given by V = W - wx, where w is the distributed load per unit length.

The clear zone is an area free of obstacles that provides a recovery area for errant vehicles, thereby reducing the risk of roadside hazards.

Roundabouts are designed to improve traffic flow and safety by allowing continuous movement of vehicles without the need for traffic signals.

The primary function of a roundabout is to reduce vehicle collisions by allowing continuous flow of traffic without the need for traffic signals.

Concrete pavements generally have a longer lifespan compared to asphalt pavements, making them advantageous in certain applications.

The main advantage of flexible pavement is its lower initial cost compared to rigid pavement, making it more economical for many applications.

Fly ash improves workability and reduces permeability, contributing to the overall durability of concrete.

Fly ash improves workability, reduces permeability, and can enhance the long-term strength of concrete when used as a partial replacement for cement.

High-performance concrete offers higher strength and durability, making it suitable for demanding applications.

High-strength steel provides increased load-bearing capacity, allowing for lighter structures and reduced material usage.

High-strength steel reinforcement provides a higher load-carrying capacity, making structures more efficient.