Botany is the branch of Biology that focuses on the study of plants , their structure, functions, growth, reproduction, and role in the environment. This category is curated for school students (Classes 6–12) and undergraduate learners to build strong fundamentals with exam-focused clarity.
In this section, you’ll explore:
Plant morphology, anatomy, and physiology explained step-by-step
Reproduction in plants , development, and life cycles
Cell biology, genetics, and biotechnology concepts related to plants
Ecology and plant diversity with real-world relevance
Important questions, MCQs, diagrams, and revision notes for exams
The content is aligned with NCERT , school boards, and UG syllabi , making it highly useful for school exams, NEET preparation, and college assessments . Concepts are explained in simple language with a focus on understanding, not rote learning.
Build a strong foundation in plant sciences and master Botany with confidence.
Q. What is the main function of phloem in plants?
A.
Transport water
B.
Transport nutrients
C.
Transport sugars
D.
Support structure
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Solution
Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.
Correct Answer:
C
— Transport sugars
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Q. What is the main function of phloem in vascular plants?
A.
Transport water
B.
Transport nutrients
C.
Transport sugars
D.
Support structure
Show solution
Solution
Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Correct Answer:
C
— Transport sugars
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Q. What is the main function of plant leaves in relation to photosynthesis?
A.
Water storage
B.
Gas exchange
C.
Nutrient absorption
D.
Support
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Solution
Leaves are primarily responsible for gas exchange, allowing carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to exit during photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gas exchange
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Q. What is the main function of root hairs?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Nutrient absorption
C.
Support
D.
Storage
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Solution
Root hairs increase the surface area for water and nutrient absorption from the soil.
Correct Answer:
B
— Nutrient absorption
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Q. What is the main function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Support
C.
Storage
D.
Transport
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Solution
Sclerenchyma cells provide structural support to the plant.
Correct Answer:
B
— Support
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Q. What is the main function of stomata in plant leaves?
A.
Nutrient absorption
B.
Gas exchange
C.
Water storage
D.
Photosynthesis
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Solution
Stomata are small openings that facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gas exchange
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Q. What is the main function of stomata in plants?
A.
Nutrient absorption
B.
Gas exchange
C.
Water storage
D.
Support
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Solution
Stomata facilitate gas exchange, allowing CO2 in and O2 out.
Correct Answer:
B
— Gas exchange
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Q. What is the main function of the Calvin cycle?
A.
To produce ATP
B.
To fix carbon dioxide
C.
To absorb light
D.
To release oxygen
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Solution
The main function of the Calvin cycle is to fix carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
Correct Answer:
B
— To fix carbon dioxide
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Q. What is the main function of the cambium in plants?
A.
Photosynthesis
B.
Water transport
C.
Growth in thickness
D.
Nutrient storage
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Solution
The cambium is responsible for secondary growth, allowing plants to increase in thickness.
Correct Answer:
C
— Growth in thickness
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Q. What is the main function of the enzyme RuBisCO in photosynthesis?
A.
Fixing carbon dioxide
B.
Producing ATP
C.
Splitting water
D.
Generating NADPH
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Solution
RuBisCO is responsible for fixing carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
A
— Fixing carbon dioxide
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Q. What is the main function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
A.
To produce glucose
B.
To convert light energy into chemical energy
C.
To release carbon dioxide
D.
To absorb water
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Solution
The main function of the light reactions is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Correct Answer:
B
— To convert light energy into chemical energy
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Q. What is the main function of the light reactions?
A.
To produce glucose
B.
To convert solar energy to chemical energy
C.
To release carbon dioxide
D.
To synthesize proteins
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Solution
The main function of the light reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Correct Answer:
B
— To convert solar energy to chemical energy
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Q. What is the main function of the light-harvesting complexes?
A.
To transport electrons
B.
To absorb and transfer light energy
C.
To fix carbon
D.
To produce glucose
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Solution
Light-harvesting complexes absorb and transfer light energy to the reaction center.
Correct Answer:
B
— To absorb and transfer light energy
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Q. What is the main function of the phloem in vascular plants?
A.
Transport water
B.
Transport nutrients
C.
Transport sugars
D.
Support structure
Show solution
Solution
Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars produced during photosynthesis throughout the plant.
Correct Answer:
C
— Transport sugars
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Q. What is the main function of the RuBisCO enzyme in photosynthesis?
A.
To produce ATP
B.
To fix carbon dioxide
C.
To split water
D.
To generate NADPH
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Solution
RuBisCO catalyzes the fixation of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.
Correct Answer:
B
— To fix carbon dioxide
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Q. What is the main function of the thylakoid membrane?
A.
Storage of glucose
B.
Light absorption
C.
Carbon fixation
D.
Water splitting
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Solution
The thylakoid membrane's main function is to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Light absorption
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Q. What is the main function of the xylem in vascular plants?
A.
Transport of sugars
B.
Transport of water and minerals
C.
Photosynthesis
D.
Storage of nutrients
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Solution
Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from roots to other parts.
Correct Answer:
B
— Transport of water and minerals
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Q. What is the main function of xylem in vascular plants?
A.
Transport of nutrients
B.
Transport of water
C.
Photosynthesis
D.
Storage of food
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Solution
Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Correct Answer:
B
— Transport of water
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Q. What is the main goal of phytoremediation?
A.
To enhance plant growth
B.
To clean up contaminated environments
C.
To increase crop yield
D.
To improve soil fertility
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Solution
Phytoremediation uses plants to clean up contaminated environments by absorbing or degrading pollutants.
Correct Answer:
B
— To clean up contaminated environments
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Q. What is the main goal of plant biotechnology in relation to climate change?
A.
To create more ornamental plants
B.
To develop crops that can withstand extreme conditions
C.
To increase the number of plant species
D.
To reduce plant growth rates
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Solution
The main goal is to develop crops that can withstand extreme conditions caused by climate change, such as drought or flooding.
Correct Answer:
B
— To develop crops that can withstand extreme conditions
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Q. What is the main goal of synthetic biology?
A.
To understand natural biological systems
B.
To create new biological parts and systems
C.
To clone animals
D.
To sequence genomes
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Solution
Synthetic biology aims to design and construct new biological parts and systems for various applications.
Correct Answer:
B
— To create new biological parts and systems
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Q. What is the main health benefit of consuming omega-3 fatty acids found in certain plants?
A.
Improved digestion
B.
Heart health
C.
Bone strength
D.
Skin hydration
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Solution
Omega-3 fatty acids are known to support heart health and reduce inflammation.
Correct Answer:
B
— Heart health
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Q. What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?
A.
Oxygen
B.
ATP
C.
Glucose
D.
NADPH
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Solution
The main product of the Calvin cycle is glucose, which is synthesized from carbon dioxide.
Correct Answer:
C
— Glucose
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Q. What is the main product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
A.
Glucose
B.
Oxygen
C.
NADPH
D.
ATP
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Solution
Oxygen is released as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Oxygen
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Q. What is the main purpose of meristematic tissue in plants?
A.
Storage of food
B.
Growth and development
C.
Transport of water
D.
Photosynthesis
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Solution
Meristematic tissue is responsible for the growth and development of new cells in plants.
Correct Answer:
B
— Growth and development
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Q. What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
A.
To produce oxygen
B.
To convert solar energy into chemical energy
C.
To absorb nutrients
D.
To release carbon dioxide
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Solution
The main purpose of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Correct Answer:
B
— To convert solar energy into chemical energy
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Q. What is the main purpose of plant classification in conservation efforts?
A.
To increase biodiversity
B.
To identify endangered species
C.
To enhance agricultural yield
D.
To promote ornamental gardening
Show solution
Solution
Plant classification is essential in conservation efforts as it helps identify endangered species and prioritize their protection.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify endangered species
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Q. What is the main purpose of plant reproduction?
A.
Growth
B.
Survival
C.
Genetic diversity
D.
Photosynthesis
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Solution
The main purpose of plant reproduction is to ensure genetic diversity and the continuation of the species.
Correct Answer:
C
— Genetic diversity
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Q. What is the main purpose of plant secondary metabolites?
A.
Energy production
B.
Structural support
C.
Defense against herbivores
D.
Water transport
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Solution
Secondary metabolites often serve as chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens.
Correct Answer:
C
— Defense against herbivores
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Q. What is the main purpose of plant taxonomy?
A.
To increase plant growth
B.
To identify and name plant species
C.
To enhance photosynthesis
D.
To improve soil quality
Show solution
Solution
The main purpose of plant taxonomy is to identify, name, and classify plant species systematically.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify and name plant species
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