Cellular respiration occurs in all parts of the plant, as all cells require energy to function.

Fertilization typically occurs in the ovary, where the ovule is located.

Photosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves, where chloroplasts are abundant.

Primary growth occurs at the root tips and shoot tips, where apical meristems are located.

Secondary growth primarily occurs in stems and roots, allowing for an increase in thickness due to the activity of the vascular cambium.

The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast, where it uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

Roots are primarily responsible for the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.

Carbon fixation occurs during the Calvin cycle.

ATP is synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide is utilized in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis.

Glucose is synthesized during the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.

Gymnosperms produce seeds that are exposed on cones, unlike angiosperms which have seeds enclosed in fruits.

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, represent the largest diversity of species in the plant kingdom.

In Pteridophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant and is the most visible part of the plant.

In Bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant and more complex stage, while the sporophyte is often dependent on it.

Ferns possess a vascular system that includes xylem and phloem, allowing for efficient transport of water and nutrients.

High-level disinfectants are used for semi-critical items that come into contact with mucous membranes, such as endoscopes, where sterilization is not feasible.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new organism.

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization, allowing for the offspring to be genetically identical to the parent.

Photosynthesis consists of light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Temperature is a critical factor for seed germination, as it affects metabolic processes.

Oxygen is primarily consumed during respiration, as it is used to oxidize glucose to release energy.

Oxygen is primarily consumed during respiration, as it is used to oxidize glucose to release energy.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of specific genes to enhance traits such as disease resistance.

Gene cloning is used in various applications, including producing insulin, creating vaccines, and gene therapy.

Plant tissue culture is widely used to propagate disease-free plants, ensuring healthy stock for agriculture.

Ethidium bromide staining intercalates with DNA and fluoresces under UV light, allowing visualization of DNA bands.