Chemistry (School & UG)

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Chemistry (School & UG)

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The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry, structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners. The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi.

In this category, you will study:

Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory, supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs

The content is designed to build strong foundations, improve analytical and quantitative skills, and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments.

Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels.

Analytical Techniques Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry

Q. Which transition metal is known for forming a variety of oxidation states and colored compounds?

A. Zinc
B. Copper
C. Scandium
D. Titanium

Solution

Copper is known for its ability to form various oxidation states (e.g., +1 and +2) and colored compounds, such as blue copper(II) sulfate.

Correct Answer: B — Copper

Q. Which transition metal is known for its ability to form complex ions with a variety of ligands and is used in biological systems?

A. Zinc
B. Iron
C. Copper
D. Manganese

Solution

Copper is known for its ability to form complex ions and plays a crucial role in biological systems, such as in hemocyanin.

Correct Answer: C — Copper

Q. Which trend is observed in ionization energy across a period in the periodic table?

A. It decreases
B. It increases
C. It remains constant
D. It fluctuates

Solution

Ionization energy generally increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge, which holds electrons more tightly.

Correct Answer: B — It increases

Q. Which type of bond is formed between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride?

A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Metallic bond
D. Hydrogen bond

Solution

Sodium chloride is formed by the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine, resulting in an ionic bond.

Correct Answer: B — Ionic bond

Q. Which type of bond is formed by the overlap of p orbitals?

A. Sigma bond
B. Pi bond
C. Delta bond
D. Phi bond

Solution

Pi bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals.

Correct Answer: B — Pi bond

Q. Which type of bond is formed by the overlap of two p orbitals?

A. Sigma bond
B. Pi bond
C. Delta bond
D. Phi bond

Solution

A pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of two p orbitals.

Correct Answer: B — Pi bond

Q. Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

A. Ionic bond
B. Covalent bond
C. Metallic bond
D. Hydrogen bond

Solution

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Correct Answer: B — Covalent bond

Q. Which type of bond is most commonly analyzed using IR spectroscopy?

A. C-H bonds
B. C-C bonds
C. N-H bonds
D. O-H bonds

Solution

C-H bonds are commonly analyzed using IR spectroscopy, as they produce strong and distinct absorption peaks.

Correct Answer: A — C-H bonds

Q. Which type of bond is primarily formed in ionic compounds?

A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Metallic bond
D. Hydrogen bond

Solution

Ionic compounds are formed through ionic bonds, which result from the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Correct Answer: B — Ionic bond

Q. Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the formation of ionic compounds?

A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Metallic bond
D. Hydrogen bond

Solution

Ionic bonds are formed through the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Correct Answer: B — Ionic bond

Q. Which type of electrophoresis is commonly used for separating DNA fragments?

A. Capillary electrophoresis
B. Gel electrophoresis
C. Paper electrophoresis
D. Isoelectric focusing

Solution

Gel electrophoresis is commonly used for separating DNA fragments based on their size, as it allows for the movement of DNA through a gel matrix.

Correct Answer: B — Gel electrophoresis

Q. Which type of intermolecular force is primarily responsible for the high boiling point of water?

A. Van der Waals
B. Dipole-dipole
C. Hydrogen bonding
D. Ionic

Solution

Hydrogen bonding is the dominant intermolecular force in water, leading to its relatively high boiling point.

Correct Answer: C — Hydrogen bonding

Q. Which type of intermolecular force is the strongest?

A. London Dispersion Forces
B. Dipole-Dipole Interactions
C. Hydrogen Bonds
D. Ionic Bonds

Solution

Ionic bonds are the strongest type of intermolecular force due to the electrostatic attraction between charged ions.

Correct Answer: D — Ionic Bonds

Q. Which type of sample is most suitable for analysis by IR spectroscopy?

A. Gaseous samples
B. Solid samples only
C. Liquid samples only
D. All of the above

Solution

IR spectroscopy can analyze gaseous, liquid, and solid samples, making it versatile for various types of materials.

Correct Answer: D — All of the above

Q. Which type of sample preparation is commonly used before performing IR spectroscopy?

A. Dissolving in water
B. KBr pellet method
C. Filtration
D. Evaporation

Solution

The KBr pellet method is a common sample preparation technique for solid samples in IR spectroscopy, allowing for clear spectral analysis.

Correct Answer: B — KBr pellet method

Q. Which type of spectroscopy is best suited for identifying functional groups in organic compounds?

A. NMR
B. UV-Vis
C. IR
D. Mass Spectrometry

Solution

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is best suited for identifying functional groups due to its ability to measure molecular vibrations.

Correct Answer: C — IR

Q. Which type of titration involves a redox reaction?

A. Acid-base titration
B. Complexometric titration
C. Precipitation titration
D. Redox titration

Solution

Redox titration involves a redox reaction where the oxidation state of the reactants changes during the titration process.

Correct Answer: D — Redox titration

Q. Which type of titration would you use to determine the concentration of a weak acid?

A. Strong acid-strong base titration
B. Weak acid-strong base titration
C. Redox titration
D. Complexometric titration

Solution

To determine the concentration of a weak acid, a weak acid-strong base titration is typically used, as it provides a clear endpoint.

Correct Answer: B — Weak acid-strong base titration

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