A quarter-wave plate converts linearly polarized light into circularly polarized light by introducing a phase shift of 90 degrees.

When a second polarizer is oriented at 90 degrees to the first, it blocks all the light, reducing the intensity to zero.

When a second polarizer is oriented at 90 degrees to the first, no light passes through.

When light passes through a second polarizer at 90 degrees to the first, the intensity is reduced to zero.

A strong magnetic field can cause deviation in the compass reading, leading to inaccuracies.

A vertical stretch occurs when the output values of a function are multiplied by a factor greater than 1, causing the graph to stretch away from the x-axis.

Acids turn blue litmus paper red.

Adding a base to a weak acid will neutralize some of the acid, increasing the pH.

Adding a base to hydrochloric acid will neutralize it, resulting in an increase in pH.

Adding a base to an acidic solution increases the pH, making it less acidic.

A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus having no effect on the position of equilibrium.

A catalyst increases the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not shift the position of equilibrium.

Adding a common ion decreases the solubility of a salt due to the common ion effect, which shifts the equilibrium to the left.

Adding a common ion decreases the solubility of a salt in a saturated solution due to the common ion effect.

Adding a non-volatile solute increases the boiling point due to boiling point elevation.

Adding a non-volatile solute decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent due to the solute particles occupying space at the surface.

Adding a non-volatile solute decreases the vapor pressure of the solvent due to the reduction in the mole fraction of the solvent.

Adding a non-volatile solute to a solvent increases the boiling point of the solution due to the colligative property of boiling point elevation.

Adding a solute to a solvent increases the boiling point of the solution, a phenomenon known as boiling point elevation.

Adding a solute to a solvent typically increases the viscosity of the solution due to the interactions between solute and solvent molecules.

A buffer solution is designed to resist changes in pH, so adding a strong acid will cause only a small change in pH.

Adding a strong acid to a weak base will decrease the pH of the solution.

Adding a strong base to a buffer solution will increase the pH, but the buffer will resist significant changes in pH due to the presence of the weak acid.

Adding an acid decreases the pH of a solution.

Adding an inert gas at constant volume does not change the partial pressures of the reactants and products, thus it has no effect on the equilibrium position.

Adding an inert gas at constant volume does not change the partial pressures of the reactants and products, so the equilibrium position remains unchanged.

Adding an inert gas at constant volume does not change the partial pressures of the reactants or products, hence no effect on equilibrium.

Adding salt to water generally increases its viscosity.

Alkyl groups increase the basicity of amines due to their electron-donating effect.

Atmospheric drag decreases the speed of satellites in low Earth orbit, leading to a gradual decrease in altitude.