Chemistry (School & UG)

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Chemistry (School & UG)

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The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry, structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners. The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi.

In this category, you will study:

Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory, supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs

The content is designed to build strong foundations, improve analytical and quantitative skills, and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments.

Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels.

Analytical Techniques Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Physical Chemistry

Q. Which of the following statements about stereochemistry is true for the reaction of 2-bromobutane with NaOH?

A. Only R isomer is formed
B. Only S isomer is formed
C. Both R and S isomers are formed
D. No stereoisomers are formed

Solution

The reaction can lead to both R and S isomers due to the nature of the nucleophilic substitution mechanism.

Correct Answer: C — Both R and S isomers are formed

Q. Which of the following statements about stereoisomers is true?

A. They have the same molecular formula.
B. They have different connectivity of atoms.
C. They cannot be interconverted without breaking bonds.
D. They have different physical properties.

Solution

Stereoisomers have the same connectivity but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms, and they cannot be interconverted without breaking bonds.

Correct Answer: C — They cannot be interconverted without breaking bonds.

Q. Which of the following statements about the E1 elimination mechanism is true?

A. It involves a concerted mechanism.
B. It forms a carbocation intermediate.
C. It is favored by strong bases.
D. It occurs in a single step.

Solution

E1 elimination involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate, making it a two-step process.

Correct Answer: B — It forms a carbocation intermediate.

Q. Which of the following statements about the E2 elimination mechanism is true?

A. It involves a carbocation intermediate.
B. It requires a strong base.
C. It is a unimolecular process.
D. It occurs in a stepwise manner.

Solution

E2 elimination requires a strong base to abstract a proton while the leaving group departs, and it occurs in a single concerted step.

Correct Answer: B — It requires a strong base.

Q. Which of the following statements about the enthalpy of formation is true?

A. It is always negative.
B. It is the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements.
C. It can be calculated using Hess's law only.
D. It is independent of the physical state of the reactants.

Solution

The enthalpy of formation is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in their standard states.

Correct Answer: B — It is the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements.

Q. Which of the following statements about the ideal gas law is true?

A. It applies to all gases under all conditions
B. It is derived from empirical observations
C. It is only valid at high pressures
D. It assumes no intermolecular forces

Solution

The ideal gas law assumes that there are no intermolecular forces between gas particles, which is a key limitation of the model.

Correct Answer: D — It assumes no intermolecular forces

Q. Which of the following statements about the periodic table is true?

A. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
B. Elements in the same period have similar atomic masses.
C. Noble gases are highly reactive.
D. Metals are located on the right side of the periodic table.

Solution

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties due to having the same number of valence electrons.

Correct Answer: A — Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

Q. Which of the following statements about the phase diagram of a substance is true?

A. The triple point is where all three phases coexist
B. The critical point is where the solid and liquid phases coexist
C. The vapor pressure curve separates solid and liquid phases
D. The sublimation curve separates liquid and gas phases

Solution

The triple point is the unique set of conditions at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) coexist in equilibrium.

Correct Answer: A — The triple point is where all three phases coexist

Q. Which of the following statements about the quantum model of the atom is true?

A. Electrons are in fixed orbits
B. Electrons have defined paths
C. Electrons exist in probability clouds
D. Electrons are stationary

Solution

In the quantum model, electrons exist in probability clouds rather than fixed orbits.

Correct Answer: C — Electrons exist in probability clouds

Q. Which of the following statements about the reactivity of aromatic compounds is true?

A. All aromatic compounds are equally reactive
B. Electron-withdrawing groups increase reactivity
C. Electron-donating groups decrease reactivity
D. Reactivity depends on the substituents present

Solution

The reactivity of aromatic compounds in electrophilic substitution reactions depends on the nature of the substituents present on the ring.

Correct Answer: D — Reactivity depends on the substituents present

Q. Which of the following statements about thermoplastics is true?

A. They can be reshaped upon heating
B. They are chemically cross-linked
C. They have a fixed shape
D. They are always biodegradable

Solution

Thermoplastics can be reshaped upon heating, allowing them to be molded into various forms, unlike thermosetting plastics which cannot be reshaped once set.

Correct Answer: A — They can be reshaped upon heating

Q. Which of the following statements about transition metals is true?

A. They have completely filled d-orbitals.
B. They can form colored compounds.
C. They do not form complexes.
D. They have low melting points.

Solution

Transition metals can form colored compounds due to d-d electronic transitions.

Correct Answer: B — They can form colored compounds.

Q. Which of the following statements is true about a concentration cell?

A. Has different electrodes
B. Has the same electrodes
C. Is always at equilibrium
D. Requires a salt bridge

Solution

A concentration cell has the same electrodes but different concentrations of the electrolyte.

Correct Answer: B — Has the same electrodes

Q. Which of the following statements is true about ideal gases?

A. They have no volume.
B. They have strong intermolecular forces.
C. They behave according to the Ideal Gas Law at all conditions.
D. They can be liquefied at high temperatures.

Solution

Ideal gases are considered to have no volume and do not exhibit intermolecular forces.

Correct Answer: A — They have no volume.

Q. Which of the following statements is true about the first law of thermodynamics?

A. Energy can be created or destroyed.
B. Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.
C. The total energy of a closed system decreases.
D. Heat and work are the same.

Solution

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Correct Answer: B — Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.

Q. Which of the following statements is true about the phase transition from liquid to gas?

A. It is an exothermic process
B. It requires energy input
C. It occurs at constant pressure only
D. It decreases entropy

Solution

The phase transition from liquid to gas (vaporization) requires energy input (endothermic process).

Correct Answer: B — It requires energy input

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding E1 elimination reactions?

A. They require a strong base
B. They proceed through a carbocation intermediate
C. They are stereospecific
D. They occur in a single step

Solution

E1 reactions proceed through a carbocation intermediate and are not stereospecific, unlike E2 reactions.

Correct Answer: B — They proceed through a carbocation intermediate

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding E1 reactions?

A. They are stereospecific
B. They involve a carbocation intermediate
C. They require a strong base
D. They occur in a single step

Solution

E1 reactions involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate, making them a two-step process.

Correct Answer: B — They involve a carbocation intermediate

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding enthalpy changes?

A. Enthalpy changes are path-dependent.
B. Enthalpy is a state function.
C. Enthalpy cannot be measured directly.
D. All of the above.

Solution

Enthalpy is a state function, meaning its change depends only on the initial and final states, not the path taken.

Correct Answer: B — Enthalpy is a state function.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding ketones?

A. They can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
B. They are more reactive than aldehydes.
C. They cannot form hydrogen bonds.
D. They have a higher boiling point than aldehydes.

Solution

Ketones cannot form hydrogen bonds with themselves, which is why they have lower boiling points compared to aldehydes.

Correct Answer: C — They cannot form hydrogen bonds.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding nucleophiles?

A. They are electron-deficient species.
B. They donate electrons to electrophiles.
C. They are always negatively charged.
D. They cannot be neutral molecules.

Solution

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate electrons to electrophiles during chemical reactions.

Correct Answer: B — They donate electrons to electrophiles.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding nucleophilic substitution reactions?

A. SN1 reactions are favored by tertiary substrates
B. SN2 reactions are favored by tertiary substrates
C. SN1 reactions require a strong nucleophile
D. SN2 reactions occur in two steps

Solution

SN1 reactions are favored by tertiary substrates due to the stability of the carbocation formed, while SN2 reactions are favored by primary substrates.

Correct Answer: A — SN1 reactions are favored by tertiary substrates

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the E1 elimination mechanism?

A. It involves a concerted mechanism.
B. It proceeds through a carbocation intermediate.
C. It is favored by strong bases.
D. It results in stereospecific products.

Solution

E1 elimination proceeds through a carbocation intermediate, making it a two-step process.

Correct Answer: B — It proceeds through a carbocation intermediate.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the E1 mechanism?

A. It involves a concerted mechanism
B. It forms a carbocation intermediate
C. It requires a strong base
D. It is stereospecific

Solution

E1 reactions involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate, followed by deprotonation to form the alkene.

Correct Answer: B — It forms a carbocation intermediate

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the E2 mechanism?

A. It requires a strong base
B. It can occur with tertiary substrates only
C. It involves a carbocation intermediate
D. It is a unimolecular reaction

Solution

E2 mechanisms require a strong base to abstract a proton while the leaving group departs in a concerted manner.

Correct Answer: A — It requires a strong base

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the enthalpy of a system?

A. Enthalpy is a state function.
B. Enthalpy depends on the path taken.
C. Enthalpy cannot be measured directly.
D. Enthalpy is always positive.

Solution

Enthalpy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the current state of the system, not the path taken to reach that state.

Correct Answer: A — Enthalpy is a state function.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the IR spectrum of a molecule?

A. It provides information about the molecular weight.
B. It shows the electronic transitions of the molecule.
C. It indicates the presence of specific functional groups.
D. It measures the thermal properties of the substance.

Solution

The IR spectrum provides information about the presence of specific functional groups based on their characteristic absorption frequencies.

Correct Answer: C — It indicates the presence of specific functional groups.

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the mechanism of an SN1 reaction?

A. It involves a concerted mechanism
B. It has a carbocation intermediate
C. It is stereospecific
D. It requires a strong nucleophile

Solution

SN1 reactions involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate, making them unimolecular.

Correct Answer: B — It has a carbocation intermediate

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding the phase diagram of a substance?

A. The triple point is where all three phases coexist
B. The critical point is where the solid and liquid phases coexist
C. The vapor pressure curve separates solid and liquid phases
D. The solid phase is always more stable than the liquid phase

Solution

The triple point on a phase diagram is the unique set of conditions at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) coexist in equilibrium.

Correct Answer: A — The triple point is where all three phases coexist

Q. Which of the following statements is true regarding Werner's theory?

A. It only applies to transition metals
B. It does not consider the geometry of complexes
C. It explains the formation of coordination compounds
D. It is outdated and not used in modern chemistry

Solution

Werner's theory is significant as it explains the formation and structure of coordination compounds, making it a foundational concept in coordination chemistry.

Correct Answer: C — It explains the formation of coordination compounds

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