The Analytical Techniques section focuses on the methods and instruments used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis , essential for understanding experimental chemistry, material characterization, and laboratory diagnostics . This module is designed for school (Class 11–12) and undergraduate students , with strong emphasis on conceptual clarity, instrumentation basics, and exam relevance .
In this section, you will study:
Classical analytical methods – qualitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis
Spectroscopic techniques – UV–Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NMR (introductory level), and mass spectrometry
Chromatographic methods – paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC (basics)
Electroanalytical techniques – conductometry, potentiometry, pH measurement, and electrochemical cells
Thermal and surface analysis (introductory) – TGA, DTA, and DSC (UG level)
Instrumentation principles – working, components, and applications
Data interpretation – spectra analysis, peak identification, and quantitative calculations
NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations , supported by diagrams, numericals, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, and PYQs
The content is structured to bridge theory with laboratory practice , strengthen analytical and interpretation skills , and help students confidently answer instrumentation- and application-based questions in school and undergraduate examinations .
Develop a systematic and practical understanding of Analytical Techniques to master this crucial area of modern Chemistry .
Q. What is the principle behind using UV-Vis spectroscopy for qualitative analysis?
A.
It measures the mass of ions
B.
It detects the color of the solution
C.
It identifies functional groups based on absorbance
D.
It separates ions based on charge
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Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy identifies compounds by measuring the absorbance of light at specific wavelengths, which correlates with functional groups.
Correct Answer:
C
— It identifies functional groups based on absorbance
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Q. What is the purpose of a back titration?
A.
To determine the concentration of a reactant indirectly
B.
To measure the temperature of a solution
C.
To identify the solubility of a compound
D.
To calculate the pH of a solution
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Solution
Back titration is used to determine the concentration of a reactant indirectly by reacting it with an excess of titrant and then titrating the excess.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a reactant indirectly
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Q. What is the purpose of a standard solution in titration?
A.
To provide a known concentration for comparison
B.
To dilute the analyte solution
C.
To act as a solvent
D.
To change the color of the solution
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Solution
A standard solution is used in titration to provide a known concentration that allows for accurate calculations of the analyte's concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To provide a known concentration for comparison
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Q. What is the purpose of a titration in analytical chemistry?
A.
To separate components of a mixture
B.
To determine the concentration of a solution
C.
To measure the absorbance of a solution
D.
To identify the molecular weight of a compound
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Solution
Titration is used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
B
— To determine the concentration of a solution
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Q. What is the purpose of a titration in qualitative analysis?
A.
To determine the molecular weight of a compound
B.
To identify the endpoint of a reaction
C.
To measure the boiling point of a solution
D.
To separate components of a mixture
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Solution
Titration is used to identify the endpoint of a reaction, which can indicate the presence of specific ions.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the endpoint of a reaction
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Q. What is the purpose of using a blank in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To calibrate the instrument
B.
To measure the sample concentration
C.
To account for solvent absorbance
D.
To enhance signal detection
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Solution
A blank is used to account for the absorbance of the solvent, ensuring that only the sample's absorbance is measured.
Correct Answer:
C
— To account for solvent absorbance
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Q. What is the purpose of using a blank sample in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To calibrate the instrument
B.
To increase the sensitivity of the measurement
C.
To provide a reference for baseline correction
D.
To enhance the sample's absorbance
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Solution
A blank sample is used to provide a reference for baseline correction, ensuring that only the absorbance due to the analyte is measured.
Correct Answer:
C
— To provide a reference for baseline correction
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Q. What is the purpose of using a buffer solution in a titration?
A.
To maintain a constant pH
B.
To increase the reaction rate
C.
To dilute the analyte
D.
To enhance color change
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Solution
A buffer solution is used in titration to maintain a constant pH, which is crucial for accurate results, especially in acid-base titrations.
Correct Answer:
A
— To maintain a constant pH
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Q. What is the purpose of using a buffer solution in electrophoresis?
A.
To increase the conductivity of the solution
B.
To maintain a constant pH during the separation
C.
To enhance the visibility of the bands
D.
To prevent overheating of the gel
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Solution
Buffer solutions maintain a stable pH, which is crucial for the proper separation of charged molecules during electrophoresis.
Correct Answer:
B
— To maintain a constant pH during the separation
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Q. What is the purpose of using a pH meter in titration?
A.
To measure the volume of titrant added
B.
To determine the exact endpoint of the titration
C.
To mix the solutions thoroughly
D.
To calculate the concentration of the analyte
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Solution
A pH meter is used to determine the exact endpoint of the titration by providing precise pH measurements throughout the process.
Correct Answer:
B
— To determine the exact endpoint of the titration
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Q. What is the purpose of using a reference sample in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To calibrate the instrument
B.
To increase the sensitivity of the measurement
C.
To compare the sample's absorbance against a known standard
D.
To reduce background noise
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Solution
A reference sample is used to compare the absorbance of the sample against a known standard, ensuring accurate measurements.
Correct Answer:
C
— To compare the sample's absorbance against a known standard
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Q. What is the purpose of using a standard solution in titration?
A.
To dilute the analyte
B.
To provide a known concentration for comparison
C.
To stabilize the temperature
D.
To increase the reaction rate
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Solution
A standard solution is used in titration to provide a known concentration that allows for accurate determination of the analyte's concentration.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a known concentration for comparison
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Q. What is the role of a back titration?
A.
To determine the concentration of a strong acid
B.
To analyze a sample that is difficult to titrate directly
C.
To measure the pH of a solution
D.
To separate components in a mixture
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Solution
Back titration is used to analyze samples that are difficult to titrate directly, by adding an excess of titrant and then titrating the unreacted titrant.
Correct Answer:
B
— To analyze a sample that is difficult to titrate directly
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Q. What is the role of a buffer in a titration involving a weak acid and a strong base?
A.
To increase the reaction rate
B.
To maintain a constant pH
C.
To enhance the solubility of the acid
D.
To provide a color change indicator
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Solution
A buffer helps maintain a constant pH during the titration, which is crucial for accurate endpoint determination.
Correct Answer:
B
— To maintain a constant pH
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Q. What is the role of a buffer solution in a titration?
A.
To maintain a constant pH
B.
To increase the reaction rate
C.
To provide a color change
D.
To dilute the solution
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Solution
A buffer solution helps maintain a constant pH during a titration, which is crucial for accurate measurements, especially in weak acid-strong base titrations.
Correct Answer:
A
— To maintain a constant pH
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Q. What is the role of a buffer solution in electrophoresis?
A.
To enhance the conductivity of the gel
B.
To maintain a constant pH during the separation
C.
To increase the size of the molecules
D.
To provide a source of ions
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Solution
A buffer solution maintains a constant pH during electrophoresis, which is crucial for the stability and separation of charged molecules.
Correct Answer:
B
— To maintain a constant pH during the separation
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Q. What is the role of a buffer solution in titration?
A.
To maintain a constant pH
B.
To increase the reaction rate
C.
To dilute the titrant
D.
To change the color of the solution
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Solution
A buffer solution helps maintain a constant pH during titration, which is crucial for accurate measurements.
Correct Answer:
A
— To maintain a constant pH
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Q. What is the role of a chelating agent in qualitative analysis?
A.
To increase solubility
B.
To stabilize metal ions
C.
To enhance color change
D.
To precipitate ions
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Solution
Chelating agents stabilize metal ions in solution, which can help in the identification and quantification of metal ions during qualitative analysis.
Correct Answer:
B
— To stabilize metal ions
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Q. What is the role of a pH indicator in a titration for qualitative analysis?
A.
To measure the temperature of the solution
B.
To indicate the endpoint of the titration
C.
To separate ions in the solution
D.
To enhance the color of the solution
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Solution
A pH indicator changes color at a specific pH level, signaling the endpoint of the titration, which helps in identifying the presence of certain ions.
Correct Answer:
B
— To indicate the endpoint of the titration
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Q. What is the role of a pH indicator in a titration?
A.
To increase the reaction rate
B.
To provide a color change at the endpoint
C.
To stabilize the solution
D.
To dilute the reactants
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Solution
A pH indicator changes color at a specific pH range, signaling the endpoint of the titration.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a color change at the endpoint
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Q. What is the role of a reagent in a qualitative analysis?
A.
To increase the temperature of the reaction
B.
To change the color of the solution
C.
To provide a specific reaction with the target ion
D.
To dilute the sample
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Solution
Reagents are used to react with specific ions to produce observable changes, aiding in their identification.
Correct Answer:
C
— To provide a specific reaction with the target ion
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Q. What is the role of a solvent in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To enhance the absorption of light
B.
To provide a medium for the sample
C.
To scatter light for better detection
D.
To change the wavelength of light
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Solution
The solvent serves as a medium for the sample, allowing light to pass through and interact with the analyte without interfering with the measurement.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a medium for the sample
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Q. What is the role of a titrant in a titration for qualitative analysis?
A.
To provide a color change
B.
To react with the analyte
C.
To stabilize the solution
D.
To dilute the sample
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Solution
The titrant reacts with the analyte to produce a measurable change, often indicated by a color change, which helps identify the analyte.
Correct Answer:
B
— To react with the analyte
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Q. What is the role of a titrant in a titration process?
A.
To react with the analyte
B.
To dilute the solution
C.
To stabilize the pH
D.
To measure absorbance
Show solution
Solution
The titrant is the solution of known concentration that reacts with the analyte to determine its concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To react with the analyte
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Q. What is the role of a titrant in a titration?
A.
To react with the analyte
B.
To dilute the solution
C.
To stabilize the pH
D.
To measure the volume
Show solution
Solution
The titrant is the solution of known concentration that reacts with the analyte to determine its concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To react with the analyte
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Q. What is the role of electrophoresis in the analysis of biological samples?
A.
To separate ions based on their charge and size
B.
To measure the absorbance of light
C.
To quantify the concentration of gases
D.
To determine the boiling point of compounds
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Solution
Electrophoresis separates biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, based on their charge and size.
Correct Answer:
A
— To separate ions based on their charge and size
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Q. What is the role of indicators in titration for qualitative analysis?
A.
To increase the reaction rate
B.
To provide a color change at the endpoint
C.
To stabilize the solution
D.
To separate the ions
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Solution
Indicators are used in titrations to provide a visual color change at the endpoint, helping to identify the completion of the reaction.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a color change at the endpoint
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Q. What is the role of the titrant in a titration?
A.
To react with the analyte
B.
To dilute the solution
C.
To measure the temperature
D.
To stabilize the pH
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Solution
The titrant is the solution of known concentration that is added to react with the analyte in a titration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To react with the analyte
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Q. What is the significance of the baseline in an IR spectrum?
A.
It indicates the presence of noise
B.
It represents the absorbance of the solvent
C.
It shows the sample concentration
D.
It is used for calibration purposes
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Solution
The baseline in an IR spectrum represents the absorbance of the solvent and any background noise, which is important for accurate interpretation of the sample peaks.
Correct Answer:
B
— It represents the absorbance of the solvent
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Q. What is the significance of the Beer-Lambert Law in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
It relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
B.
It describes the scattering of light in a medium.
C.
It explains the emission spectra of compounds.
D.
It determines the molecular weight of a substance.
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Solution
The Beer-Lambert Law states that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the absorbing species and the path length of the light.
Correct Answer:
A
— It relates absorbance to concentration and path length.
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