Disulfide bonds form between cysteine residues and help stabilize the tertiary structure of peptides and proteins.

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Glutamine acts as a nitrogen donor in various biosynthetic reactions, including nucleotide synthesis.

Glutamine serves as a major nitrogen transporter in the body, playing a key role in nitrogen metabolism.

HDL cholesterol helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of heart disease.

IgE antibodies are primarily involved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections.

Lactose permease is a membrane protein that facilitates the transport of lactose into the E. coli cell.

Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms.

Memory cells are long-lived cells that remember past infections, allowing for a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure.

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target specific cells or proteins, making them useful in treatments for various diseases, including cancer.

Phosphofructokinase is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the rate of glycolysis.

Primers are short sequences of nucleotides that initiate DNA synthesis by providing a starting point for Taq polymerase.

Regulatory sequences are regions of DNA that control the timing and level of gene expression by facilitating or inhibiting transcription.

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA, which is important for creating complementary DNA (cDNA) in recombinant DNA technology.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) plays a crucial role in the translation of mRNA into proteins.

RNA-binding proteins play a crucial role in stabilizing RNA structures and regulating RNA metabolism, including splicing and transport.

The buffer maintains pH and conducts electricity, allowing the DNA or proteins to migrate through the gel.

The electron transport chain is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP using the energy from electrons.

The magnetic field aligns the nuclear spins of the sample, which is essential for obtaining NMR signals.

The side chain (R group) of an amino acid determines its charge, polarity, and reactivity, influencing its role in proteins.

The stationary phase in HPLC separates analytes based on their interactions with the stationary material.

The TATA box is a DNA sequence that serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase and is crucial for the initiation of transcription.

UV luminance spectroscopy plays a role in detecting early-stage tumors by analyzing changes in tissue properties due to UV exposure.

Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it is required for the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

The 'gene of interest' is the specific DNA sequence that researchers aim to clone and manipulate in recombinant DNA technology.

The annealing temperature is crucial as it affects the specificity of primer binding to the target DNA.

The equilibrium constant (K) reflects the ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium, indicating the extent of the reaction.

p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor protein that regulates the cell cycle and helps prevent the proliferation of cells with damaged DNA.

The start codon (AUG) signals the beginning of translation and codes for the amino acid methionine.

Buffers are used during protein purification to maintain pH and ionic strength, which are critical for protein stability and solubility.