The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. Which of the following processes is used to extract metals from their ores using heat and a reducing agent?
A.
Electrolysis
B.
Roasting
C.
Smelting
D.
Leaching
Show solution
Solution
Smelting is the process of extracting metals from their ores by heating and using a reducing agent.
Correct Answer:
C
— Smelting
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Q. Which of the following processes is used to purify copper?
A.
Electrolysis
B.
Roasting
C.
Calcination
D.
Smelting
Show solution
Solution
Electrolysis is used to purify copper by separating it from impurities in the solution.
Correct Answer:
A
— Electrolysis
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Q. Which of the following reactions can alkenes undergo?
A.
Esterification
B.
Hydrogenation
C.
Dehydration
D.
All of the above
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Solution
Alkenes can undergo hydrogenation, dehydration, and esterification, making all of the above reactions applicable.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which of the following reactions involves a Friedel-Crafts acylation?
A.
Benzene + CH3Cl
B.
Benzene + CH3COCl
C.
Benzene + HNO3
D.
Benzene + H2SO4
Show solution
Solution
Friedel-Crafts acylation involves the reaction of benzene with an acyl chloride (like CH3COCl) in the presence of a Lewis acid.
Correct Answer:
B
— Benzene + CH3COCl
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Q. Which of the following reactions is an example of a redox reaction involving hydrogen?
A.
H2 + O2 → H2O
B.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
C.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
D.
H2 + CO2 → H2O + C
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Solution
The reaction H2 + O2 → H2O involves the oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of oxygen, making it a redox reaction.
Correct Answer:
A
— H2 + O2 → H2O
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Q. Which of the following reactions is an example of an SN1 mechanism?
A.
Tertiary alkyl halide with water
B.
Primary alkyl halide with NaOH
C.
Secondary alkyl halide with KCN
D.
Tertiary alkyl halide with NaOEt
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Solution
The reaction of a tertiary alkyl halide with water is an SN1 mechanism due to the formation of a stable carbocation.
Correct Answer:
A
— Tertiary alkyl halide with water
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Q. Which of the following reactions is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution?
A.
Hydrogenation of benzene
B.
Nitration of benzene
C.
Oxidation of toluene
D.
Reduction of nitrobenzene
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Solution
Nitration of benzene is an example of electrophilic aromatic substitution, where a nitro group replaces a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring.
Correct Answer:
B
— Nitration of benzene
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Q. Which of the following reactions is an example of Friedel-Crafts acylation?
A.
Benzene + CH3Cl in AlCl3
B.
Benzene + CH3COCl in AlCl3
C.
Benzene + HNO3 in H2SO4
D.
Benzene + Br2 in FeBr3
Show solution
Solution
Benzene + CH3COCl in AlCl3 is an example of Friedel-Crafts acylation, where an acyl group is introduced to the aromatic ring.
Correct Answer:
B
— Benzene + CH3COCl in AlCl3
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Q. Which of the following reactions occurs at the cathode?
A.
Oxidation
B.
Reduction
C.
Electron loss
D.
Ionization
Show solution
Solution
Reduction occurs at the cathode, where electrons are gained.
Correct Answer:
B
— Reduction
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Q. Which of the following salts is commonly used as a de-icing agent on roads?
A.
Sodium chloride
B.
Calcium carbonate
C.
Potassium nitrate
D.
Magnesium sulfate
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Solution
Sodium chloride is widely used as a de-icing agent due to its effectiveness in lowering the freezing point of water.
Correct Answer:
A
— Sodium chloride
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Q. Which of the following salts is commonly used as a food preservative?
A.
Sodium chloride
B.
Potassium nitrate
C.
Calcium sulfate
D.
Magnesium sulfate
Show solution
Solution
Sodium chloride, or table salt, is widely used as a preservative in various food products.
Correct Answer:
A
— Sodium chloride
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Q. Which of the following salts is formed from a strong acid and a weak base?
A.
NaCl
B.
NH4Cl
C.
K2SO4
D.
CaCO3
Show solution
Solution
NH4Cl is formed from the strong acid HCl and the weak base NH3.
Correct Answer:
B
— NH4Cl
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Q. Which of the following salts is soluble in water?
A.
AgCl
B.
BaSO4
C.
NaNO3
D.
PbI2
Show solution
Solution
NaNO3 is soluble in water, while AgCl, BaSO4, and PbI2 are generally insoluble.
Correct Answer:
C
— NaNO3
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Q. Which of the following solutions would have the highest boiling point?
A.
0.1 m NaCl
B.
0.1 m KCl
C.
0.1 m CaCl2
D.
0.1 m glucose
Show solution
Solution
0.1 m CaCl2 produces three particles (Ca2+ and 2 Cl-), leading to the highest boiling point elevation among the options.
Correct Answer:
C
— 0.1 m CaCl2
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Q. Which of the following statements about coordination compounds is true?
A.
They always have a positive charge
B.
They consist of a central metal atom and ligands
C.
They cannot form isomers
D.
They are always soluble in water
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Solution
Coordination compounds consist of a central metal atom bonded to one or more ligands, which can be neutral or charged.
Correct Answer:
B
— They consist of a central metal atom and ligands
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Q. Which of the following statements about corrosion is true?
A.
It is a spontaneous redox reaction
B.
It requires an external power source
C.
It only occurs in acidic environments
D.
It is always a slow process
Show solution
Solution
Corrosion is a spontaneous redox reaction where metals oxidize, often leading to deterioration.
Correct Answer:
A
— It is a spontaneous redox reaction
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Q. Which of the following statements about electrochemical cells is true?
A.
They convert chemical energy to electrical energy
B.
They only work in acidic solutions
C.
They cannot be reversed
D.
They require a vacuum to operate
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Solution
Electrochemical cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy during spontaneous reactions.
Correct Answer:
A
— They convert chemical energy to electrical energy
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Q. Which of the following statements about electrolysis is true?
A.
It requires a spontaneous reaction
B.
It is an endothermic process
C.
It involves the decomposition of a compound
D.
It occurs in a galvanic cell
Show solution
Solution
Electrolysis involves the decomposition of a compound through the application of electrical energy.
Correct Answer:
C
— It involves the decomposition of a compound
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Q. Which of the following statements about electrophilic aromatic substitution is true?
A.
The aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile.
B.
The electrophile is generated in situ.
C.
Both ortho and para products are formed equally.
D.
The reaction requires a strong base.
Show solution
Solution
In electrophilic aromatic substitution, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile, attacking the electrophile to form a sigma complex.
Correct Answer:
A
— The aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile.
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Q. Which of the following statements about enantiomers is true?
A.
They have identical physical properties.
B.
They rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
C.
They can be separated by simple distillation.
D.
They have the same molecular formula but different connectivity.
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Solution
Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images and rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
Correct Answer:
B
— They rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions.
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Q. Which of the following statements about hybridization is true?
A.
Hybrid orbitals are always degenerate.
B.
Hybridization involves mixing of atomic orbitals.
C.
Hybridization does not affect molecular geometry.
D.
Hybrid orbitals are used only in covalent bonding.
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Solution
Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that can form covalent bonds.
Correct Answer:
B
— Hybridization involves mixing of atomic orbitals.
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Q. Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonding is true?
A.
It occurs only in organic compounds
B.
It is a strong ionic interaction
C.
It involves hydrogen and electronegative atoms
D.
It is the strongest type of bond
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Solution
Hydrogen bonding occurs when hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen.
Correct Answer:
C
— It involves hydrogen and electronegative atoms
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Q. Which of the following statements about hydrogen is true?
A.
It is a metal
B.
It has the highest electronegativity
C.
It can form cations
D.
It is always diatomic
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen can form cations (H+) in reactions, especially in acid-base chemistry.
Correct Answer:
C
— It can form cations
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Q. Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is true?
A.
They involve sharing of electrons.
B.
They are formed between two nonmetals.
C.
They result from the transfer of electrons.
D.
They are weaker than covalent bonds.
Show solution
Solution
Ionic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, typically between metals and nonmetals.
Correct Answer:
C
— They result from the transfer of electrons.
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Q. Which of the following statements about IR spectroscopy is true?
A.
It can only analyze gases.
B.
It requires a vacuum for accurate measurements.
C.
It can be used to study solid, liquid, and gas samples.
D.
It is not effective for polar molecules.
Show solution
Solution
IR spectroscopy can analyze solid, liquid, and gas samples, making it versatile for various states of matter.
Correct Answer:
C
— It can be used to study solid, liquid, and gas samples.
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Q. Which of the following statements about reaction mechanisms is true?
A.
All reactions proceed through a single elementary step.
B.
Catalysts are consumed in the reaction.
C.
The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a mechanism.
D.
Intermediates are always stable.
Show solution
Solution
The rate-determining step is indeed the slowest step in a reaction mechanism, which controls the overall rate of the reaction.
Correct Answer:
C
— The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a mechanism.
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Q. Which of the following statements about reaction rates is true?
A.
Reaction rates are always constant
B.
Reaction rates can change with time
C.
Reaction rates are independent of temperature
D.
Reaction rates are only affected by concentration
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Solution
Reaction rates can change with time as reactants are consumed and products are formed, affecting the concentration of reactants.
Correct Answer:
B
— Reaction rates can change with time
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Q. Which of the following statements about real gases is true?
A.
Real gases have perfectly elastic collisions.
B.
Real gases have no intermolecular forces.
C.
Real gases occupy no volume.
D.
Real gases can condense into liquids.
Show solution
Solution
Real gases can condense into liquids under certain conditions, unlike ideal gases which are assumed to have no volume and no intermolecular forces.
Correct Answer:
D
— Real gases can condense into liquids.
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Q. Which of the following statements about resonance structures is true?
A.
They represent different molecules
B.
They have the same energy
C.
They differ only in the arrangement of electrons
D.
They cannot be used to describe real molecules
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Solution
Resonance structures differ only in the arrangement of electrons, while the positions of the nuclei remain the same, contributing to the overall hybrid structure.
Correct Answer:
C
— They differ only in the arrangement of electrons
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Q. Which of the following statements about stereochemistry is true for E2 reactions?
A.
They require a strong nucleophile
B.
They can lead to both E and Z isomers
C.
They require anti-periplanar geometry
D.
They always produce a racemic mixture
Show solution
Solution
E2 reactions require the leaving group and the hydrogen to be anti-periplanar for the elimination to occur.
Correct Answer:
C
— They require anti-periplanar geometry
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