Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, are known for producing harmful algal blooms.

IgM antibodies are associated with blood group antigens and can cause agglutination in mismatched blood transfusions.

IgG is the most abundant antibody in the bloodstream, playing a crucial role in the body's defense against infections.

IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, providing early defense before IgG levels rise.

T cells can recognize both exogenous and endogenous antigens.

Vibrio bacteria are typically comma-shaped.

Temperate phages can integrate their DNA into the host genome, entering a lysogenic cycle.

Light beer is typically lower in calories compared to regular beers.

Barleywine typically has a higher alcohol content compared to other types of beer.

Immunosensors are specifically designed to detect pathogens by utilizing antibodies that bind to the target microorganisms.

Tertiary structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.

Hydrogen bonds are crucial for the specific interactions between proteins and nucleic acids, allowing for the recognition of specific sequences.

Hydrogen bonds are primarily responsible for the formation of the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Clonal culture refers to the growth of cells derived from a single cell, ensuring uniformity in the cell population.

Mixed culture allows for the study of interactions between different cell types, providing insights into cellular communication.

Suspension culture is commonly used for the production of monoclonal antibodies as it allows for high-density cell growth.

Liquid chromatography uses a solid stationary phase and a liquid mobile phase for separation.

Cosmids are a type of cloning vector that is derived from bacteriophages.

Hyaline cartilage has a gel-like matrix and provides smooth surfaces for joint movement at the ends of long bones.

Adipose tissue is specialized for energy storage, as it contains adipocytes that store fat.

All of the above detectors can be used in HPLC, with UV-Vis spectrophotometers being the most common.

Nucleotide excision repair is the mechanism that removes thymine dimers caused by UV light.

Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product inhibits an earlier step in the pathway.

Stratified squamous epithelium is designed to protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells during intense exercise when oxygen levels are low.

Continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR) allow for continuous input and output, maintaining a steady state of operation.

Microfiltration uses a membrane to separate contaminants from water.

Tuna, especially larger species like bluefin, tend to accumulate higher levels of mercury.

Salmon is often recommended for pregnant women as it is low in mercury and high in omega-3 fatty acids.

Agarose gel is commonly used for DNA electrophoresis due to its suitable pore size for separating DNA fragments.