The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. Which of the following ions can be identified using a flame photometer?
A.
Calcium
B.
Iron
C.
Copper
D.
Lead
Show solution
Solution
Flame photometry is commonly used to identify alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, such as calcium, based on their characteristic emission spectra.
Correct Answer:
A
— Calcium
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Q. Which of the following ions has the smallest radius?
A.
Na+
B.
Mg2+
C.
Al3+
D.
Si4+
Show solution
Solution
As the positive charge increases, the ionic radius decreases; Si4+ has the smallest radius.
Correct Answer:
D
— Si4+
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Q. Which of the following ions would produce a characteristic yellow precipitate when treated with lead(II) nitrate?
A.
Chloride
B.
Bromide
C.
Iodide
D.
Sulfate
Show solution
Solution
Iodide ions produce a characteristic yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide when treated with lead(II) nitrate.
Correct Answer:
C
— Iodide
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Q. Which of the following ions would produce a white precipitate when treated with silver nitrate?
A.
Sodium
B.
Chloride
C.
Potassium
D.
Nitrate
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Solution
Chloride ions react with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver chloride.
Correct Answer:
B
— Chloride
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Q. Which of the following ions would produce a yellow precipitate when treated with silver nitrate?
A.
Chloride
B.
Bromide
C.
Iodide
D.
Sulfate
Show solution
Solution
Iodide ions produce a yellow precipitate of silver iodide when treated with silver nitrate, while chloride produces a white precipitate and bromide a cream precipitate.
Correct Answer:
C
— Iodide
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a thermodynamically stable reaction?
A.
High activation energy
B.
Negative Gibbs free energy change
C.
Endothermic nature
D.
Formation of intermediates
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Solution
A thermodynamically stable reaction is characterized by a negative Gibbs free energy change, indicating that the products are favored.
Correct Answer:
B
— Negative Gibbs free energy change
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of alkenes?
A.
Saturated hydrocarbons
B.
Presence of a double bond
C.
Presence of a triple bond
D.
Only single bonds
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Solution
Alkenes are defined by the presence of at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Correct Answer:
B
— Presence of a double bond
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of carboxylic acids?
A.
Presence of -OH group
B.
Presence of -COOH group
C.
Presence of -CHO group
D.
Presence of -NH2 group
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Solution
Carboxylic acids are defined by the presence of the -COOH functional group.
Correct Answer:
B
— Presence of -COOH group
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions?
A.
Formation of a carbocation
B.
Formation of a sigma complex
C.
Formation of a free radical
D.
Formation of a carbanion
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Solution
A characteristic feature of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is the formation of a sigma complex (arenium ion) during the reaction.
Correct Answer:
B
— Formation of a sigma complex
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of esters?
A.
-COOH
B.
-OH
C.
-O-
D.
-NH2
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Solution
Esters are characterized by the presence of the -O- group between two carbon chains, typically represented as RCOOR'.
Correct Answer:
C
— -O-
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of haloarenes?
A.
High reactivity towards nucleophiles
B.
Presence of a benzene ring
C.
Low boiling points
D.
Solubility in water
Show solution
Solution
Haloarenes are characterized by the presence of a benzene ring, which affects their reactivity and properties.
Correct Answer:
B
— Presence of a benzene ring
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of nucleophilic substitution reactions?
A.
Formation of a stable intermediate
B.
Involvement of a leaving group
C.
Formation of a radical
D.
No change in hybridization
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Solution
Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve the displacement of a leaving group by a nucleophile, which is a defining characteristic of these reactions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Involvement of a leaving group
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic functional group of alcohols?
A.
-OH
B.
-COOH
C.
-NH2
D.
-CHO
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Solution
Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) as their functional group.
Correct Answer:
A
— -OH
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic functional group of carboxylic acids?
A.
-COOH
B.
-OH
C.
-NH2
D.
-C=O
Show solution
Solution
Carboxylic acids contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) as their functional group.
Correct Answer:
A
— -COOH
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a coordination compound?
A.
It contains only ionic bonds.
B.
It has a central metal atom bonded to ligands.
C.
It cannot conduct electricity.
D.
It is always a solid.
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Solution
A coordination compound has a central metal atom bonded to one or more ligands.
Correct Answer:
B
— It has a central metal atom bonded to ligands.
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good reducing agent in metallurgy?
A.
High electronegativity
B.
Low ionization energy
C.
High oxidation potential
D.
Low reactivity
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Solution
A good reducing agent should have low ionization energy, allowing it to easily donate electrons.
Correct Answer:
B
— Low ionization energy
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good reducing agent?
A.
High electronegativity
B.
High ionization energy
C.
Low oxidation potential
D.
High oxidation potential
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Solution
A good reducing agent has a low oxidation potential, allowing it to easily donate electrons.
Correct Answer:
C
— Low oxidation potential
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good titration indicator?
A.
Sharp color change at the endpoint
B.
High solubility in water
C.
Stable at high temperatures
D.
Non-toxic
Show solution
Solution
A good titration indicator should exhibit a sharp color change at the endpoint to clearly signal the completion of the reaction.
Correct Answer:
A
— Sharp color change at the endpoint
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a Lewis acid?
A.
It donates protons
B.
It accepts electrons
C.
It donates electrons
D.
It is a strong base
Show solution
Solution
A Lewis acid is defined as an electron pair acceptor.
Correct Answer:
B
— It accepts electrons
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a nucleophile?
A.
It donates electrons.
B.
It accepts electrons.
C.
It is always neutral.
D.
It is always positively charged.
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Solution
A nucleophile is characterized by its ability to donate electrons to form a bond with an electrophile.
Correct Answer:
A
— It donates electrons.
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a reaction at equilibrium?
A.
The concentrations of reactants and products are equal
B.
The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
C.
The reaction has stopped
D.
The temperature is constant
Show solution
Solution
At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, but the concentrations of reactants and products do not have to be equal.
Correct Answer:
B
— The rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a strong base?
A.
It has a high pH
B.
It is a weak electrolyte
C.
It does not dissociate in water
D.
It has a low conductivity
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Solution
Strong bases, like NaOH, have a high pH and completely dissociate in water, leading to high conductivity.
Correct Answer:
A
— It has a high pH
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a weak acid?
A.
Completely dissociates in solution
B.
Has a high pKa value
C.
Produces a strong electrolyte
D.
Has a low pH
Show solution
Solution
Weak acids have a high pKa value, indicating they do not completely dissociate in solution.
Correct Answer:
B
— Has a high pKa value
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a zero-order reaction?
A.
Rate depends on the concentration of reactants.
B.
Rate is constant and independent of reactant concentration.
C.
Rate increases with temperature.
D.
Rate decreases as the reaction proceeds.
Show solution
Solution
In a zero-order reaction, the rate is constant and does not depend on the concentration of the reactants.
Correct Answer:
B
— Rate is constant and independent of reactant concentration.
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of aldehydes?
A.
They have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
B.
They contain a hydroxyl group.
C.
They are always cyclic.
D.
They cannot be oxidized.
Show solution
Solution
Aldehydes have a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of the carbon chain.
Correct Answer:
A
— They have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of alkenes?
A.
Single bonds only
B.
At least one double bond
C.
At least one triple bond
D.
Only cyclic structures
Show solution
Solution
Alkenes are characterized by the presence of at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Correct Answer:
B
— At least one double bond
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of alkynes?
A.
Contain only single bonds
B.
Contain at least one triple bond
C.
Are saturated hydrocarbons
D.
Are cyclic compounds
Show solution
Solution
Alkynes are characterized by the presence of at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.
Correct Answer:
B
— Contain at least one triple bond
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of an E1 mechanism?
A.
It involves a concerted mechanism.
B.
It requires a strong base.
C.
It forms a carbocation intermediate.
D.
It occurs only with primary substrates.
Show solution
Solution
E1 mechanisms involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate, which is a key feature of this type of elimination reaction.
Correct Answer:
C
— It forms a carbocation intermediate.
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of an E2 elimination reaction?
A.
It involves a carbocation intermediate
B.
It requires a strong base
C.
It occurs in a single step
D.
Both B and C
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Solution
E2 reactions require a strong base and occur in a single step, eliminating a leaving group and a hydrogen atom.
Correct Answer:
D
— Both B and C
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of an elimination reaction?
A.
Formation of a double bond
B.
Formation of a single bond
C.
Addition of a nucleophile
D.
Formation of a carbocation
Show solution
Solution
Elimination reactions typically involve the removal of atoms or groups from a molecule, resulting in the formation of a double bond.
Correct Answer:
A
— Formation of a double bond
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