The Analytical Techniques section focuses on the methods and instruments used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis , essential for understanding experimental chemistry, material characterization, and laboratory diagnostics . This module is designed for school (Class 11–12) and undergraduate students , with strong emphasis on conceptual clarity, instrumentation basics, and exam relevance .
In this section, you will study:
Classical analytical methods – qualitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis
Spectroscopic techniques – UV–Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NMR (introductory level), and mass spectrometry
Chromatographic methods – paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC (basics)
Electroanalytical techniques – conductometry, potentiometry, pH measurement, and electrochemical cells
Thermal and surface analysis (introductory) – TGA, DTA, and DSC (UG level)
Instrumentation principles – working, components, and applications
Data interpretation – spectra analysis, peak identification, and quantitative calculations
NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations , supported by diagrams, numericals, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, and PYQs
The content is structured to bridge theory with laboratory practice , strengthen analytical and interpretation skills , and help students confidently answer instrumentation- and application-based questions in school and undergraduate examinations .
Develop a systematic and practical understanding of Analytical Techniques to master this crucial area of modern Chemistry .
Q. What is the pH of a solution that is 0.01 M in hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
Show solution
Solution
The pH of a 0.01 M HCl solution is 2, as HCl is a strong acid and fully dissociates in solution.
Correct Answer:
B
— 2
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary application of UV-Vis spectroscopy in analytical chemistry?
A.
Determining molecular weight
B.
Identifying functional groups
C.
Quantifying concentrations of analytes
D.
Separating mixtures
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is primarily used to quantify the concentration of analytes in solution based on their absorbance at specific wavelengths.
Correct Answer:
C
— Quantifying concentrations of analytes
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary application of UV-Vis spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical industry?
A.
Determining molecular weight
B.
Measuring absorbance of drug solutions
C.
Identifying functional groups
D.
Separating compounds
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is commonly used to measure the absorbance of drug solutions, which helps in determining the concentration of the drug in a sample.
Correct Answer:
B
— Measuring absorbance of drug solutions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary factor affecting the rate of a titration reaction?
A.
Concentration of reactants
B.
Temperature of the solution
C.
Volume of the titrant
D.
All of the above
Show solution
Solution
The rate of a titration reaction is affected by the concentration of reactants, temperature, and the volume of titrant added.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary function of a burette in titration?
A.
To mix solutions
B.
To measure the volume of titrant added
C.
To heat the solution
D.
To cool the solution
Show solution
Solution
A burette is used to accurately measure and deliver the volume of titrant added to the analyte solution.
Correct Answer:
B
— To measure the volume of titrant added
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary function of a chromatographic column?
A.
To mix the sample with the mobile phase
B.
To provide a surface for separation
C.
To detect the analytes
D.
To control the temperature
Show solution
Solution
The primary function of a chromatographic column is to provide a surface for separation of components based on their interactions with the stationary phase.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide a surface for separation
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary function of a mass spectrometer?
A.
To measure absorbance of light
B.
To separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio
C.
To detect electrical conductivity
D.
To analyze pH levels
Show solution
Solution
A mass spectrometer separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, allowing for the identification and quantification of different compounds.
Correct Answer:
B
— To separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary interaction of UV-Vis spectroscopy with a sample?
A.
Scattering of light
B.
Absorption of light
C.
Emission of light
D.
Reflection of light
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy primarily involves the absorption of light by molecules, which promotes electrons to higher energy levels.
Correct Answer:
B
— Absorption of light
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary interaction that occurs in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
Vibrational transitions
B.
Rotational transitions
C.
Electronic transitions
D.
Nuclear transitions
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy primarily involves electronic transitions, where electrons are excited from a lower energy level to a higher energy level.
Correct Answer:
C
— Electronic transitions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary principle behind ion chromatography?
A.
Size exclusion
B.
Ion exchange
C.
Affinity
D.
Adsorption
Show solution
Solution
Ion chromatography operates on the principle of ion exchange, separating ions based on their charge.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ion exchange
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary principle behind the use of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for qualitative analysis?
A.
Separation based on boiling point
B.
Separation based on solubility
C.
Separation based on size
D.
Separation based on charge
Show solution
Solution
TLC separates compounds based on their solubility in the mobile phase and their interaction with the stationary phase.
Correct Answer:
B
— Separation based on solubility
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary principle behind UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
Separation of components based on size
B.
Absorption of light by molecules
C.
Ion migration in an electric field
D.
Chemical reaction with a titrant
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is based on the absorption of ultraviolet or visible light by molecules, which causes electronic transitions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Absorption of light by molecules
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary product of the reaction between an acid and a base?
A.
Salt
B.
Water
C.
Hydrogen gas
D.
Carbon dioxide
Show solution
Solution
The primary products of an acid-base reaction are salt and water.
Correct Answer:
A
— Salt
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration in analytical chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To measure the pH of a solution
C.
To separate components of a mixture
D.
To identify unknown compounds
Show solution
Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration in organic chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To separate compounds
C.
To identify functional groups
D.
To measure boiling points
Show solution
Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of a titration?
A.
To determine the concentration of a solution
B.
To measure the temperature of a solution
C.
To calculate the pH of a solution
D.
To identify the solubility of a compound
Show solution
Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solute in a solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
A
— To determine the concentration of a solution
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of qualitative analysis in analytical chemistry?
A.
To determine the concentration of a substance
B.
To identify the components of a mixture
C.
To measure the physical properties of a substance
D.
To quantify the reaction rate
Show solution
Solution
Qualitative analysis is focused on identifying the components present in a sample rather than quantifying them.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the components of a mixture
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of qualitative analysis in ion detection?
A.
To determine the concentration of ions
B.
To identify the presence of specific ions
C.
To separate ions from a mixture
D.
To quantify the total ion content
Show solution
Solution
Qualitative analysis focuses on identifying the presence of specific ions in a sample rather than quantifying their concentrations.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of specific ions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of titration in analytical chemistry?
A.
To separate components of a mixture
B.
To determine the concentration of a solution
C.
To identify the molecular structure of compounds
D.
To measure the absorbance of light
Show solution
Solution
Titration is primarily used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a reagent of known concentration.
Correct Answer:
B
— To determine the concentration of a solution
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using a blank in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To calibrate the instrument
B.
To measure the sample absorbance
C.
To account for solvent effects
D.
To determine the concentration
Show solution
Solution
A blank is used to account for any absorbance due to the solvent or other components in the sample.
Correct Answer:
C
— To account for solvent effects
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using a buffer solution in electrophoresis?
A.
To increase the voltage
B.
To maintain pH stability
C.
To enhance sample concentration
D.
To reduce sample size
Show solution
Solution
Buffer solutions are used in electrophoresis to maintain a stable pH, which is crucial for the proper migration of charged species.
Correct Answer:
B
— To maintain pH stability
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using a flame test in qualitative analysis?
A.
To determine the concentration of ions
B.
To identify the presence of specific metal ions
C.
To separate different ions
D.
To measure the pH of a solution
Show solution
Solution
A flame test is used to identify the presence of specific metal ions based on the characteristic colors they emit when heated in a flame.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of specific metal ions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using a mobile phase in chromatography?
A.
To stabilize the stationary phase
B.
To carry the sample through the stationary phase
C.
To increase the temperature
D.
To enhance detection sensitivity
Show solution
Solution
The mobile phase carries the sample through the stationary phase, allowing for separation based on different affinities.
Correct Answer:
B
— To carry the sample through the stationary phase
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using flame tests in qualitative analysis of ions?
A.
To determine the concentration of ions
B.
To identify the presence of specific metal ions
C.
To separate ions in a mixture
D.
To measure the pH of a solution
Show solution
Solution
Flame tests are used to identify the presence of specific metal ions based on the characteristic colors they emit when heated in a flame.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of specific metal ions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using ion chromatography in environmental analysis?
A.
To separate and quantify organic compounds
B.
To detect heavy metals in water samples
C.
To analyze anions and cations in aqueous solutions
D.
To measure the pH of soil samples
Show solution
Solution
Ion chromatography is specifically designed to separate and quantify ions, making it ideal for analyzing anions and cations in water samples.
Correct Answer:
C
— To analyze anions and cations in aqueous solutions
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of using ion chromatography in qualitative analysis?
A.
To separate ions based on their charge
B.
To identify the presence of specific ions in a mixture
C.
To measure the concentration of ions
D.
To determine the molecular weight of ions
Show solution
Solution
Ion chromatography is primarily used to identify the presence of specific ions in a mixture by separating them based on their interactions with the stationary phase.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of specific ions in a mixture
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary purpose of UV-Vis spectroscopy?
A.
To measure the mass of a sample
B.
To determine the concentration of a substance
C.
To separate components of a mixture
D.
To identify the molecular structure
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution based on the absorbance of light at specific wavelengths.
Correct Answer:
B
— To determine the concentration of a substance
Learn More →
Q. What is the primary use of IR spectroscopy in organic chemistry?
A.
Determining molecular weight
B.
Identifying functional groups
C.
Measuring concentration
D.
Analyzing reaction rates
Show solution
Solution
IR spectroscopy is primarily used to identify functional groups in organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands.
Correct Answer:
B
— Identifying functional groups
Learn More →
Q. What is the principle behind electrophoresis in qualitative analysis?
A.
Separation based on boiling point
B.
Separation based on charge and size
C.
Separation based on solubility
D.
Separation based on density
Show solution
Solution
Electrophoresis separates charged particles based on their size and charge when an electric field is applied.
Correct Answer:
B
— Separation based on charge and size
Learn More →
Q. What is the principle behind the use of chromatography for qualitative analysis?
A.
Separation based on charge
B.
Separation based on size
C.
Separation based on solubility
D.
Separation based on boiling point
Show solution
Solution
Chromatography separates components based on their solubility in the mobile phase relative to the stationary phase.
Correct Answer:
C
— Separation based on solubility
Learn More →
Showing 121 to 150 of 316 (11 Pages)
