Biology is the science of life — from the tiniest cell to the most complex human systems. This category is designed to support school students (Classes 6–12) as well as undergraduate (UG) learners with clear explanations, exam-focused content, and concept-building resources. You’ll find:
Concept-wise explanations aligned with NCERT and common UG syllabi
Important questions & answers for school exams, NEET foundation, and college tests
Human physiology, genetics, ecology, biotechnology, and cell biology explained simply
Practice questions, MCQs, and revision notes to strengthen understanding
Doubt-solving and conceptual clarity for competitive and academic success
Whether you’re preparing for school exams , building a strong base for NEET , or studying Biology at the undergraduate level , this section helps you learn smarter, revise faster, and understand Biology deeply — not just memorize it.
Learn life sciences the right way — clear concepts, exam relevance, and real understanding.
Q. In a clinical trial, a vaccine shows a 70% efficacy rate. If 1,000 individuals are vaccinated, how many are expected to be protected?
A.
700
B.
300
C.
500
D.
900
Show solution
Solution
With 70% efficacy, 70% of 1,000 individuals would be protected, which equals 700 individuals.
Correct Answer:
A
— 700
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Q. In a cross between two pea plants, one with round seeds (R) and one with wrinkled seeds (r), what is the phenotype of the F1 generation if round is dominant?
A.
Round
B.
Wrinkled
C.
Both
D.
Neither
Show solution
Solution
The phenotype of the F1 generation will be round seeds since round (R) is dominant over wrinkled (r).
Correct Answer:
A
— Round
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Q. In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation?
A.
3:1
B.
1:2:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:1:1:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer:
C
— 9:3:3:1
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Q. In a dihybrid cross, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?
A.
1:1
B.
3:1
C.
9:3:3:1
D.
1:2:1
Show solution
Solution
The expected phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, representing the combinations of two traits.
Correct Answer:
C
— 9:3:3:1
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Q. In a double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by which type of bond?
A.
Covalent bond
B.
Hydrogen bond
C.
Ionic bond
D.
Disulfide bond
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen bonds between complementary nitrogenous bases hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together.
Correct Answer:
B
— Hydrogen bond
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Q. In a laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis, which test is most commonly used to assess cell-mediated immunity?
A.
ELISA
B.
Mantoux test
C.
Blood culture
D.
PCR
Show solution
Solution
The Mantoux test is used to assess cell-mediated immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Mantoux test
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Q. In a laboratory setting, which method is most appropriate for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids?
A.
Autoclaving
B.
Filtration
C.
Incineration
D.
Chemical sterilization
Show solution
Solution
Filtration is the most appropriate method for sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids without altering their properties.
Correct Answer:
B
— Filtration
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Q. In a pedigree chart, what does a filled circle represent?
A.
A male
B.
A female
C.
An affected individual
D.
A carrier
Show solution
Solution
A filled circle in a pedigree chart represents an affected female individual.
Correct Answer:
C
— An affected individual
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Q. In a plant with a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits, how many offspring would you expect to show the dominant trait out of 100?
Show solution
Solution
In a 3:1 ratio, 75 out of 100 offspring would be expected to show the dominant trait.
Correct Answer:
C
— 75
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Q. In a population of plants, if 60% are hermaphroditic and the rest are dioecious, what percentage of the population is dioecious?
A.
20%
B.
30%
C.
40%
D.
50%
Show solution
Solution
If 60% are hermaphroditic, then 100% - 60% = 40% are dioecious.
Correct Answer:
B
— 30%
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Q. In a population of plants, if 60% are hermaphroditic and the rest are dioecious, what is the number of dioecious plants in a population of 200?
Show solution
Solution
If 60% are hermaphroditic, then 40% are dioecious, which equals 80 dioecious plants in a population of 200.
Correct Answer:
A
— 40
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Q. In a study, 200 patients were infected with a virus. If 40% of them developed symptoms, how many patients showed symptoms?
Show solution
Solution
40% of 200 patients is 0.4 * 200 = 80 patients who developed symptoms.
Correct Answer:
A
— 80
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Q. In a study, a plant species was found to have a seed dispersal distance averaging 30 meters. If 10 seeds are dispersed, what is the total distance covered by all seeds?
A.
30m
B.
300m
C.
600m
D.
900m
Show solution
Solution
If each of the 10 seeds disperses an average of 30 meters, the total distance is 10 seeds * 30m = 300m.
Correct Answer:
B
— 300m
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Q. In a test cross, an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with which type of individual?
A.
Homozygous dominant
B.
Heterozygous
C.
Homozygous recessive
D.
Any individual
Show solution
Solution
A test cross is performed by crossing an individual with a dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype.
Correct Answer:
C
— Homozygous recessive
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Q. In a test cross, an individual with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual. What is the purpose of this cross?
A.
To determine the dominant allele
B.
To determine the recessive allele
C.
To determine the genotype of the unknown
D.
To determine the phenotype of the offspring
Show solution
Solution
The purpose of a test cross is to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive individual.
Correct Answer:
C
— To determine the genotype of the unknown
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Q. In a test cross, what is the purpose of crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive?
A.
To determine the dominant allele
B.
To identify the genotype of the individual
C.
To produce offspring
D.
To analyze gene expression
Show solution
Solution
A test cross with a homozygous recessive individual helps determine the genotype of the individual in question.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the genotype of the individual
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Q. In a typical angiosperm, how many petals does a flower usually have?
Show solution
Solution
Many angiosperms typically have flowers with 5 petals, although this can vary.
Correct Answer:
B
— 5
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Q. In a typical plant life cycle, how many generations are involved in alternation of generations?
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Solution
The alternation of generations involves two generations: the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte.
Correct Answer:
B
— 2
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Q. In angiosperms, what is the role of the endosperm?
A.
To protect the seed
B.
To provide nourishment to the developing embryo
C.
To facilitate pollination
D.
To aid in seed dispersal
Show solution
Solution
The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo within the seed.
Correct Answer:
B
— To provide nourishment to the developing embryo
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Q. In C4 plants, where does the initial carbon fixation occur?
A.
In the mesophyll cells
B.
In the bundle sheath cells
C.
In the stroma
D.
In the thylakoid membranes
Show solution
Solution
In C4 plants, the initial carbon fixation occurs in the mesophyll cells.
Correct Answer:
A
— In the mesophyll cells
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Q. In C4 plants, where does the initial fixation of CO2 occur?
A.
In the mesophyll cells
B.
In the bundle sheath cells
C.
In the stroma
D.
In the thylakoid membranes
Show solution
Solution
In C4 plants, the initial fixation of CO2 occurs in the mesophyll cells before it is transferred to bundle sheath cells.
Correct Answer:
A
— In the mesophyll cells
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Q. In cloning, what is the purpose of using a vector?
A.
To provide a means of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell
B.
To degrade unwanted DNA
C.
To amplify RNA
D.
To sequence DNA
Show solution
Solution
Vectors are used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells, allowing for replication and expression of the inserted gene.
Correct Answer:
A
— To provide a means of introducing foreign DNA into a host cell
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Q. In cloning, what is the role of a vector?
A.
To provide a template for DNA synthesis
B.
To carry foreign DNA into a host cell
C.
To amplify RNA
D.
To degrade unwanted DNA
Show solution
Solution
A vector is a DNA molecule used to deliver foreign genetic material into a host cell for cloning purposes.
Correct Answer:
B
— To carry foreign DNA into a host cell
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Q. In DNA, adenine pairs with which base?
A.
Cytosine
B.
Thymine
C.
Guanine
D.
Uracil
Show solution
Solution
In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds.
Correct Answer:
B
— Thymine
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Q. In eukaryotic cells, what modification occurs to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature mRNA?
A.
Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
B.
Splicing out of exons
C.
Replication of DNA
D.
Translation into protein
Show solution
Solution
Pre-mRNA undergoes capping at the 5' end and polyadenylation at the 3' end, along with splicing to remove introns, to become mature mRNA.
Correct Answer:
A
— Addition of a poly-A tail and 5' cap
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Q. In eukaryotic cells, where does transcription occur?
A.
Cytoplasm
B.
Nucleus
C.
Mitochondria
D.
Ribosome
Show solution
Solution
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where the DNA is located.
Correct Answer:
B
— Nucleus
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Q. In flowering plants, how many pollen grains are typically produced by one anther?
Show solution
Solution
One anther usually produces 4 pollen grains per microspore mother cell, leading to 8 pollen grains in total.
Correct Answer:
B
— 8
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Q. In flowering plants, what is the role of the ovule?
A.
To produce pollen
B.
To develop into a seed
C.
To attract pollinators
D.
To support the flower structure
Show solution
Solution
The ovule develops into a seed after fertilization, containing the embryo and stored nutrients.
Correct Answer:
B
— To develop into a seed
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Q. In mammals, what is the primary purpose of the placenta?
A.
Nutrient absorption
B.
Gas exchange
C.
Waste removal
D.
All of the above
Show solution
Solution
The placenta facilitates nutrient absorption, gas exchange, and waste removal between the mother and the developing fetus.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. In Mendelian genetics, what does a homozygous genotype mean?
A.
Two different alleles for a trait
B.
Two identical alleles for a trait
C.
One dominant and one recessive allele
D.
A trait that is not expressed
Show solution
Solution
A homozygous genotype consists of two identical alleles for a specific trait, either dominant or recessive.
Correct Answer:
B
— Two identical alleles for a trait
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