An IR spectrophotometer is the instrument commonly used to measure infrared spectra.

A spectrophotometer is the instrument used to measure the absorbance of a sample in UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Copper(II) ions form a blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide when treated with sodium hydroxide.

The silver nitrate test is commonly used to detect chloride ions, which form a white precipitate of silver chloride.

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin) at constant pressure.

The First Law of Thermodynamics, also known as the law of energy conservation, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Hess's Law states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of whether it occurs in one step or multiple steps.

CN- (cyanide) is a strong field ligand that causes large splitting of d-orbitals.

Tertiary alkyl halides favor the S_N1 mechanism due to steric hindrance, leading to the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

Tertiary alkyl halides favor the S_N1 mechanism due to steric hindrance and the stability of the carbocation.

The reaction will proceed via the SN1 mechanism due to the tertiary carbon, which stabilizes the carbocation intermediate.

Electrophilic aromatic substitution primarily follows a mechanism similar to SN1, involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate.

The reaction of alkenes with bromine involves an electrophilic addition mechanism, where the alkene acts as a nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic bromine molecule.

Cryolite is used as a solvent in the electrolytic extraction of aluminum from bauxite.

Gold is highly resistant to corrosion and tarnishing, making it ideal for jewelry.

Zinc is commonly used for galvanization because it provides a protective coating to iron, preventing rust.

The presence of sulfate ions can be confirmed by adding Barium Chloride, which forms a white precipitate of barium sulfate.

Chromatography is the most effective method for the qualitative analysis of anions in a mixture, as it allows for the separation and identification of multiple anions simultaneously.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) can be equipped with both UV-Vis and fluorescence detectors for enhanced analysis of compounds.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is highly effective for detecting trace levels of volatile and semi-volatile pollutants in air samples.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is the preferred method for the qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds due to its sensitivity and specificity.

A spectrophotometer is the modern analytical instrument commonly used for both UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and no lone pairs has a linear geometry due to the arrangement of electron pairs.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs adopts a bent geometry due to the repulsion of the lone pairs.

A molecule with two bonding pairs and no lone pairs adopts a linear geometry, as seen in CO2.

sp2 hybridization results in a trigonal planar geometry, with 120-degree bond angles due to the mixing of one s and two p orbitals.

A central atom with one lone pair and three bonding pairs adopts a trigonal pyramidal shape due to the repulsion of the lone pair.

A tetrahedral electron geometry with one lone pair results in a trigonal pyramidal molecular shape.

sp2 hybridization results in a trigonal planar shape due to the arrangement of three electron groups around the central atom.

PCl5 has a trigonal bipyramidal geometry due to the sp3d hybridization of phosphorus, accommodating five bonding pairs.