At equilibrium, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) is zero.

At constant pressure, the relationship is given by ΔH = ΔU + PΔV.

The repeating unit in polyethylene is -CH2-CH2-, derived from ethylene monomers.

A catalyst speeds up the reaction without being consumed in the process.

The salt bridge maintains charge balance by allowing ions to flow between the two half-cells.

Activated charcoal is commonly used as an adsorbent due to its high surface area and porosity.

Antioxidants prevent oxidation, which can spoil food and reduce its nutritional value.

Antioxidants prevent oxidation, which can damage cells and lead to various diseases.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the primary energy currency in cells.

Caffeine acts as a stimulant, increasing alertness and reducing fatigue.

CFCs are known to deplete the ozone layer, leading to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

Emulsifiers help to stabilize mixtures of oil and water in food products.

Enzymes act as catalysts that decrease the activation energy required for biochemical reactions.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up biochemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

Histamines are chemicals that play a key role in allergic reactions.

RNA plays a crucial role in both the transcription of DNA and the translation of proteins.

In an electrochemical cell, reduction occurs at the cathode.

AX3E indicates three bonding pairs and one lone pair, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal shape.

Ammonia has a trigonal pyramidal shape due to the presence of a lone pair on the nitrogen atom.

The d orbitals have a double dumbbell shape.

π bonds are formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals, resulting in a planar shape.

The HOMO of benzene is cyclic due to the delocalization of π electrons in the ring structure.

The highest energy molecular orbital in O2 is a π* orbital, which has a dumbbell shape.

The highest energy molecular orbital in O2 is a diatomic molecular orbital, specifically a π* orbital.

PCl5 has a trigonal bipyramidal shape due to five bonding pairs around the phosphorus atom.

SF6 has six bonding pairs and no lone pairs, leading to an octahedral shape.

AX2E2 indicates two bonding pairs and two lone pairs, resulting in a bent shape.

AX3E indicates three bonding pairs and one lone pair, resulting in a trigonal pyramidal shape.

AX4 indicates four bonding pairs and no lone pairs, resulting in a tetrahedral shape.

The p-orbital has a dumbbell shape.