Cathodic protection prevents corrosion by making the metal surface the cathode in an electrochemical cell.

Toluene is more reactive than benzene due to the electron-donating effect of the methyl group, which stabilizes the sigma complex.

Lipids, particularly triglycerides, are primarily responsible for energy storage in cells.

Lipids are primarily responsible for energy storage in living organisms due to their high energy content.

CH3-CO-CH3 is a ketone because it has a carbonyl group (C=O) flanked by two carbon atoms.

When hydrogen reacts with chlorine, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is formed, which is a gas at room temperature.

The complex [Ni(CN)4]2- has a square planar geometry due to the presence of d8 metal ion.

A galvanic cell operates based on spontaneous redox reactions that generate electrical energy from chemical energy.

Electroplating involves the reduction of metal cations from a solution to deposit a layer of metal onto a surface.

Voltammetry is often used in glucose sensors, where the current is measured as a function of applied voltage to determine glucose concentration.

Gel Electrophoresis is commonly used for the separation of nucleic acids based on size.

Fluorine has the highest electronegativity value of 3.98 on the Pauling scale.

Helium has the highest first ionization energy due to its small size and high effective nuclear charge.

Helium has the smallest atomic radius due to its high effective nuclear charge and minimal electron shielding.

Potassium is an alkali metal and typically forms a +1 cation by losing one electron.

The Van der Waals equation accounts for the volume occupied by gas molecules and the intermolecular forces in real gases.

In an isothermal process for an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant, thus the change in internal energy (ΔU) is zero.

For an ideal gas, the change in internal energy (ΔU) is given by ΔU = nC_vΔT, where C_v is the molar heat capacity at constant volume.

At constant pressure, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is equal to the heat added to the system (q_p).

Color does not affect the behavior of real gases; temperature, pressure, and volume are the primary factors.

The color of the solution does not affect the conductivity of an electrolyte solution.

The color of reactants does not influence the rate of a chemical reaction, while concentration, temperature, and catalysts do.

The color of the solution does not affect the rate of an electrochemical reaction.

Phenols are characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to an aromatic ring.

The hydroxyl group (-OH) is the functional group characteristic of alcohols.

A carboxylic acid contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.

The addition of HBr to an alkene results in the formation of an alkyl halide.

The reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid forms an ester through a condensation reaction.

Dehydration of an alcohol results in the formation of an alkene by the elimination of water.

Aldehydes contain the carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end of the carbon chain.