Q. Which of the following drugs is known to interact with warfarin and increase its anticoagulant effect?
-
A.
Rifampin
-
B.
Amiodarone
-
C.
Carbamazepine
-
D.
Phenobarbital
Solution
Amiodarone is known to increase the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by inhibiting its metabolism.
Correct Answer:
B
— Amiodarone
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Q. Which of the following factors can affect enzyme activity?
-
A.
pH levels
-
B.
Temperature
-
C.
Substrate concentration
-
D.
All of the above
Solution
All of the listed factors can influence enzyme activity by affecting the enzyme's structure and function.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which of the following factors can affect the resolution of bands in gel electrophoresis?
-
A.
Gel concentration
-
B.
Voltage applied
-
C.
Running time
-
D.
All of the above
Solution
All of the above factors can affect the resolution of bands in gel electrophoresis.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which of the following factors can affect the results of UV luminance spectroscopy?
-
A.
Sample temperature
-
B.
Sample color
-
C.
Sample size
-
D.
Sample shape
Solution
Sample temperature can affect the results of UV luminance spectroscopy, as it may influence the absorption characteristics of the sample.
Correct Answer:
A
— Sample temperature
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Q. Which of the following factors can enhance drug absorption?
-
A.
High lipid solubility
-
B.
High molecular weight
-
C.
Low pH in the stomach
-
D.
Presence of food
Solution
High lipid solubility enhances drug absorption as lipophilic drugs can easily cross cell membranes.
Correct Answer:
A
— High lipid solubility
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Q. Which of the following factors can increase cardiac output?
-
A.
Increased heart rate
-
B.
Decreased stroke volume
-
C.
Increased peripheral resistance
-
D.
Decreased venous return
Solution
Increased heart rate can lead to an increase in cardiac output, as cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
Correct Answer:
A
— Increased heart rate
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Q. Which of the following factors can increase heart rate?
-
A.
Increased parasympathetic activity
-
B.
Increased sympathetic activity
-
C.
Decreased body temperature
-
D.
Increased blood viscosity
Solution
Increased sympathetic activity stimulates the heart and raises heart rate, while parasympathetic activity decreases it.
Correct Answer:
B
— Increased sympathetic activity
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Q. Which of the following factors can influence the onset of postmortem changes?
-
A.
Age of the deceased
-
B.
Cause of death
-
C.
Environmental conditions
-
D.
All of the above
Solution
All of the above factors can influence the onset and progression of postmortem changes.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which of the following factors can regulate translation?
-
A.
Transcription factors
-
B.
Ribosomal proteins
-
C.
MicroRNAs
-
D.
All of the above
Solution
All of the above factors can regulate translation at various levels.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. Which of the following factors does NOT affect bacterial growth?
-
A.
Temperature
-
B.
pH
-
C.
Oxygen concentration
-
D.
Color of the medium
Solution
The color of the medium does not affect bacterial growth, while temperature, pH, and oxygen concentration are critical factors.
Correct Answer:
D
— Color of the medium
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Q. Which of the following factors is NOT typically considered in epidemiological studies?
-
A.
Biological factors
-
B.
Environmental factors
-
C.
Social factors
-
D.
Personal preferences
Solution
Epidemiological studies focus on biological, environmental, and social factors rather than personal preferences.
Correct Answer:
D
— Personal preferences
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Q. Which of the following factors primarily influences heart rate?
-
A.
Blood pressure
-
B.
Sympathetic nervous system activity
-
C.
Respiratory rate
-
D.
Body temperature
Solution
Heart rate is primarily influenced by sympathetic nervous system activity, which increases heart rate during stress or exercise.
Correct Answer:
B
— Sympathetic nervous system activity
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Q. Which of the following foods is highest in carbohydrates?
-
A.
Chicken breast
-
B.
Brown rice
-
C.
Olive oil
-
D.
Cheddar cheese
Solution
Brown rice is high in carbohydrates compared to the other options.
Correct Answer:
B
— Brown rice
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Q. Which of the following foods is most commonly associated with Listeria monocytogenes?
-
A.
Raw chicken
-
B.
Soft cheeses
-
C.
Ground beef
-
D.
Leafy greens
Solution
Soft cheeses, especially those made from unpasteurized milk, are commonly associated with Listeria.
Correct Answer:
B
— Soft cheeses
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Q. Which of the following fungi is commonly associated with respiratory infections in immunocompromised patients?
-
A.
Candida albicans
-
B.
Aspergillus fumigatus
-
C.
Penicillium chrysogenum
-
D.
Rhizopus stolonifer
Solution
Aspergillus fumigatus is known to cause respiratory infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Correct Answer:
B
— Aspergillus fumigatus
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Q. Which of the following fungi is used in the production of penicillin?
-
A.
Aspergillus niger
-
B.
Penicillium chrysogenum
-
C.
Candida tropicalis
-
D.
Rhizopus stolonifer
Solution
Penicillium chrysogenum is the fungus used in the production of the antibiotic penicillin.
Correct Answer:
B
— Penicillium chrysogenum
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Q. Which of the following infections is most commonly associated with Burkholderia cepacia?
-
A.
Urinary tract infections
-
B.
Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients
-
C.
Skin infections
-
D.
Gastroenteritis
Solution
Burkholderia cepacia is most commonly associated with respiratory infections, particularly in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Correct Answer:
B
— Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients
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Q. Which of the following interactions is NOT involved in stabilizing tertiary structure?
-
A.
Hydrophobic interactions
-
B.
Ionic bonds
-
C.
Hydrogen bonds
-
D.
Peptide bonds
Solution
Peptide bonds link amino acids together in the primary structure, but do not stabilize the tertiary structure.
Correct Answer:
D
— Peptide bonds
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Q. Which of the following is a benefit of recycling?
-
A.
Increased landfill waste
-
B.
Conservation of natural resources
-
C.
Higher energy consumption
-
D.
More pollution
Solution
Recycling helps conserve natural resources and reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills.
Correct Answer:
B
— Conservation of natural resources
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Q. Which of the following is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation?
-
A.
Lactic acid
-
B.
Ethanol
-
C.
Acetic acid
-
D.
Carbon dioxide
Solution
Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation, along with ethanol.
Correct Answer:
D
— Carbon dioxide
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Q. Which of the following is a byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation?
-
A.
Lactic acid
-
B.
Oxygen
-
C.
Water
-
D.
Glucose
Solution
Water is produced as a byproduct when electrons combine with oxygen and protons.
Correct Answer:
C
— Water
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Bacillus species?
-
A.
Anaerobic metabolism
-
B.
Spore formation
-
C.
Non-motility
-
D.
Gram-negative staining
Solution
Bacillus species are known for their ability to form spores, which are resistant to harsh conditions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Spore formation
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Mycobacterium species?
-
A.
Gram-positive cocci
-
B.
Acid-fast bacilli
-
C.
Spore-forming rods
-
D.
Non-motile spirilla
Solution
Mycobacterium species are characterized as acid-fast bacilli due to their waxy cell wall.
Correct Answer:
B
— Acid-fast bacilli
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of poxvirus infections?
-
A.
Rash with vesicles
-
B.
High fever
-
C.
Cough
-
D.
Nausea
Solution
Poxvirus infections typically present with a rash that develops into vesicles.
Correct Answer:
A
— Rash with vesicles
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Staphylococcus species under the microscope?
-
A.
Bacilli shape
-
B.
Cocci shape
-
C.
Spiral shape
-
D.
Filamentous shape
Solution
Staphylococcus species are characterized by their cocci shape.
Correct Answer:
B
— Cocci shape
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Streptococcus agalactiae?
-
A.
Group A strep
-
B.
Group B strep
-
C.
Alpha hemolytic
-
D.
Optochin sensitive
Solution
Streptococcus agalactiae is classified as Group B strep.
Correct Answer:
B
— Group B strep
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of viral infections?
-
A.
Bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition
-
B.
Lysis of host cells
-
C.
Formation of biofilms
-
D.
Endotoxin release
Solution
Viral infections often lead to the lysis of host cells as the virus replicates and releases new virions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Lysis of host cells
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic histopathological finding in tuberculosis?
-
A.
Caseating granulomas
-
B.
Cystic fibrosis
-
C.
Atypical mitotic figures
-
D.
Fibrinous necrosis
Solution
Caseating granulomas are a hallmark of tuberculosis, formed as a response to the infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Correct Answer:
A
— Caseating granulomas
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of a balanced diet?
-
A.
High in saturated fats
-
B.
Low in carbohydrates
-
C.
Includes a variety of food groups
-
D.
Excludes fruits and vegetables
Solution
A balanced diet includes a variety of food groups to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients.
Correct Answer:
C
— Includes a variety of food groups
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Q. Which of the following is a characteristic of autocrine signaling?
-
A.
Signals affect neighboring cells
-
B.
Signals affect the same cell that produces them
-
C.
Signals are released into the bloodstream
-
D.
Signals require a receptor on a different cell
Solution
In autocrine signaling, the signaling molecules affect the same cell that produces them.
Correct Answer:
B
— Signals affect the same cell that produces them
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