Each letter is shifted by +3. W -> Z, O -> R, R -> U, L -> O, D -> G. So, WORLD = ZRUOG.

Each letter is shifted by +1. A->B, P->Q, P->Q, L->M, E->F. So, APPLE = BQQMF.

Each letter is shifted by +1. B+1=C, A+1=B, N+1=O, A+1=B, N+1=O, A+1=B. So, BANANA = CBANOB.

Each letter is shifted by +1. P -> Q, A -> B, P -> F, E -> F, R -> S. So, PAPER = QBPFS.

Each letter is shifted by +1. L -> M, A -> B, K -> L, E -> F. So, LAKE = MBLF.

Each letter is shifted by +1. 'W' to 'X', 'A' to 'B', 'T' to 'S', 'E' to 'F', 'R' to 'S'.

Each letter is shifted by +1. W+1=X, I+1=J, N+1=O, D+1=E. So, WIND = XJOE.

Each letter is shifted by +1. C->D, O->P, L->M, L->M, E->F, G->H. So, COLLEGE = DPMLHF.

Each letter is shifted by +1. C -> D, O -> P, L -> M, L -> M, E -> F, G -> H. So, COLLEGE = DPMLHMF.

Each letter is shifted by +1. 'F' to 'G', 'I' to 'J', 'R' to 'S', 'E' to 'F'.

Each letter is shifted by one position in the alphabet, so 'BIRD' becomes 'CJSF'.

Let the number of managers be x. According to the ratio, 5/2 = 70/x. Cross-multiplying gives 5x = 140, so x = 28.

Since 125 can be expressed as 5^3, we have 5^(x+1) = 5^3, thus x + 1 = 3, leading to x = 2.

The remainder when 123 is divided by 10 is 3, as 123 = 10*12 + 3.

When 37 is divided by 5, it goes 7 times (7*5=35) with a remainder of 2 (37-35=2).

Let the score in the third subject be x. The average is (90 + 80 + x) / 3 = 85. Solving gives x = 90.

The probability of losing all 5 games is (1 - 0.3)^5 = 0.168. Therefore, the probability of winning at least once is 1 - 0.168 = 0.832, which rounds to 0.836.

Each letter is shifted by +1, so 'BIRD' becomes 'CJSF'.

Each letter is shifted by +1. 'H' to 'I', 'A' to 'B', 'T' to 'U', 'E' to 'F'.

Each letter is shifted by +1. 'F' to 'G', 'I' to 'J', 'R' to 'T', 'E' to 'F'.

Each letter is shifted by +3. F -> G, I -> J, R -> T, E -> F. So, FIRE = GJTF.

Each letter is shifted by +3. F+3=H, I+3=K, R+3=U, E+3=H. So, FIRE = HKTG.

If A is a subset of B, it means that every element of A is contained within B.

The relationship of direct proportionality is represented by the equation x = ky, where k is a constant.

Total parts = 2 + 3 = 5. Y = (3/5) * 50 = 30 liters.

Total parts = 5 + 3 = 8. Volume of milk = (5/8) * 32 = 20 liters.

If milk is 5 parts, then water is 3 parts. Total parts = 5 + 3 = 8. Water = (3/5) * 40 = 24 liters.

Total parts = 5 + 3 = 8. Volume of milk = (5/8) * 64 = 40 liters.

Total parts = 3 + 1 = 4. Oil = (3/4) * 48 = 36 liters.

Initial sugar = 1 part, water = 4 parts. Total = 5 parts. New sugar = 2 liters, water = 8 liters. Ratio = 2:8 = 1:4.