Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, which is a key characteristic.

Gymnosperms are known for having naked seeds, unlike angiosperms which have seeds enclosed in fruits.

Innate immunity provides an immediate response to pathogens, unlike adaptive immunity which is specific and has memory.

Mammals are characterized by the presence of hair or fur, which helps in insulation and temperature regulation.

Mendelian inheritance is characterized by the independent segregation of traits, as described in Mendel's laws.

Monocots typically have parallel leaf venation, unlike dicots which have net-like venation.

Monocots are characterized by having parallel leaf venation and one seed leaf (cotyledon).

Monocotyledonous plants typically have parallel leaf venation, distinguishing them from dicots which usually have net-like venation.

Monocotyledons, or monocots, typically have parallel leaf venation and one seed leaf.

Recessive alleles are only expressed in the phenotype when in a homozygous condition (two copies of the recessive allele).

Reptiles are characterized by their scaly skin, which helps prevent water loss and provides protection.

Rhizobia are bacteria that form symbiotic nodules on the roots of leguminous plants, facilitating nitrogen fixation.

RNA is typically single-stranded, while DNA is double-stranded.

RNA is typically single-stranded and contains ribose sugar.

Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls and are typically dead at maturity, providing structural support.

Self-pollinating plants typically have perfect flowers, meaning they contain both male and female reproductive structures, allowing them to fertilize themselves.

Self-pollination occurs when pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant fertilizes the ovule.

The double helix structure of DNA features two antiparallel strands that are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.

Systemic circulation supplies oxygenated blood to the body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Viruses require host cells to replicate, as they lack the cellular machinery necessary for reproduction.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate on their own and require a host cell for reproduction.

Wind-pollinated plants typically produce large amounts of lightweight pollen to increase the chances of successful pollination.

Developing drought-resistant crops is a significant application of biotechnology in agriculture, helping to ensure food security in arid regions.

Biotechnology is often used in forestry to develop pest-resistant tree species, helping to protect forests from invasive pests.

Cloning is used in various applications, including gene therapy, DNA sequencing, and protein purification.

Disinfection is commonly applied to clean surfaces in patient rooms to reduce the risk of infection.

PCR is widely used in forensic analysis to amplify DNA from crime scene samples for identification.

Bioremediation of contaminated soils is a common application of plant biotechnology, using plants to clean up environmental pollutants.

Recombinant DNA technology is used in gene therapy, antibiotic production, and plant breeding.