Analytical Techniques

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The Analytical Techniques section focuses on the methods and instruments used for qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis, essential for understanding experimental chemistry, material characterization, and laboratory diagnostics. This module is designed for school (Class 11–12) and undergraduate students, with strong emphasis on conceptual clarity, instrumentation basics, and exam relevance.

In this section, you will study:

  • Classical analytical methods – qualitative analysis, gravimetric and volumetric analysis

  • Spectroscopic techniques – UV–Visible spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, NMR (introductory level), and mass spectrometry

  • Chromatographic methods – paper chromatography, TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography, and HPLC (basics)

  • Electroanalytical techniques – conductometry, potentiometry, pH measurement, and electrochemical cells

  • Thermal and surface analysis (introductory) – TGA, DTA, and DSC (UG level)

  • Instrumentation principles – working, components, and applications

  • Data interpretation – spectra analysis, peak identification, and quantitative calculations

  • NCERT- and UG-aligned explanations, supported by diagrams, numericals, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, and PYQs

The content is structured to bridge theory with laboratory practice, strengthen analytical and interpretation skills, and help students confidently answer instrumentation- and application-based questions in school and undergraduate examinations.

Develop a systematic and practical understanding of Analytical Techniques to master this crucial area of modern Chemistry.

Q. What is the coordination number of a metal in a complex with six ligands?
  • A. 2
  • B. 4
  • C. 6
  • D. 8
Q. What is the effect of increasing the concentration of a reactant in a titration?
  • A. Increases the volume of titrant needed
  • B. Decreases the volume of titrant needed
  • C. Has no effect on the titration
  • D. Changes the endpoint color
Q. What is the effect of increasing the path length in a UV-Vis spectrophotometer?
  • A. Decreases absorbance
  • B. Increases absorbance
  • C. No effect on absorbance
  • D. Increases wavelength
Q. What is the effect of temperature on titration results?
  • A. It has no effect
  • B. It can change the solubility of the analyte
  • C. It affects the volume of the titrant
  • D. It alters the pH of the solutions
Q. What is the endpoint of a titration?
  • A. The point where the reaction is complete
  • B. The point where the solution is neutral
  • C. The point where the indicator changes color
  • D. The point where the titrant is exhausted
Q. What is the IUPAC name for the compound with the formula C3H6O?
  • A. Propanal
  • B. Propan-2-one
  • C. Cyclopropanol
  • D. Propene
Q. What is the main advantage of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) over traditional liquid chromatography?
  • A. Higher resolution and speed
  • B. Lower cost of operation
  • C. Simpler instrumentation
  • D. Use of larger sample volumes
Q. What is the main advantage of using a burette in titration?
  • A. It allows for precise volume measurements
  • B. It can heat the solution
  • C. It automatically mixes the solutions
  • D. It changes color during the reaction
Q. What is the main advantage of using a digital burette over a traditional burette?
  • A. It is less expensive
  • B. It provides more accurate measurements
  • C. It is easier to clean
  • D. It requires no calibration
Q. What is the main advantage of using a digital titrator?
  • A. It is less expensive than manual titration
  • B. It provides more accurate measurements
  • C. It requires no training to use
  • D. It can only be used for acid-base titrations
Q. What is the main advantage of using a diode array detector in UV-Vis spectroscopy?
  • A. Higher resolution
  • B. Simultaneous detection of multiple wavelengths
  • C. Lower cost
  • D. Simpler sample preparation
Q. What is the main advantage of using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer over a traditional IR spectrometer?
  • A. Higher resolution
  • B. Faster data acquisition
  • C. Lower cost
  • D. Simpler operation
Q. What is the main advantage of using a pH meter in titrations?
  • A. It is less expensive than indicators
  • B. It provides a visual color change
  • C. It allows for precise measurement of pH
  • D. It can be used for all types of titrations
Q. What is the main advantage of using a pH meter over indicators in titrations?
  • A. It is less expensive
  • B. It provides a more precise measurement
  • C. It is easier to use
  • D. It requires no calibration
Q. What is the main advantage of using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer?
  • A. It can analyze solid samples
  • B. It provides real-time analysis
  • C. It requires no sample preparation
  • D. It can measure very low concentrations
Q. What is the main advantage of using chromatography for qualitative analysis?
  • A. It provides quantitative results
  • B. It can separate complex mixtures
  • C. It requires minimal sample preparation
  • D. It is the fastest method available
Q. What is the main advantage of using FTIR over traditional IR spectroscopy?
  • A. Higher resolution
  • B. Faster data acquisition
  • C. Lower cost
  • D. Simpler sample preparation
Q. What is the main advantage of using FTIR spectroscopy for qualitative analysis?
  • A. High sensitivity
  • B. Ability to analyze solid samples
  • C. Rapid data acquisition
  • D. Low cost
Q. What is the main advantage of using gas chromatography for qualitative analysis?
  • A. It can analyze solid samples directly
  • B. It provides high resolution and sensitivity
  • C. It is the fastest method available
  • D. It requires no sample preparation
Q. What is the main advantage of using ion chromatography for qualitative analysis?
  • A. High sensitivity
  • B. Ability to analyze gases
  • C. Separation of ions in a single run
  • D. Low cost
Q. What is the main advantage of using mass spectrometry in qualitative analysis?
  • A. High sensitivity
  • B. Low cost
  • C. Simplicity of operation
  • D. Speed of analysis
Q. What is the main advantage of using modern analytical instrumentation in qualitative ion analysis?
  • A. Lower cost
  • B. Higher sensitivity and specificity
  • C. Simpler procedures
  • D. Faster results
Q. What is the main advantage of using UV-Vis spectroscopy for qualitative analysis?
  • A. It can detect all types of ions
  • B. It provides structural information
  • C. It is non-destructive
  • D. It is highly sensitive to color changes
Q. What is the main advantage of using UV-Vis spectroscopy for quantitative analysis?
  • A. High sensitivity
  • B. Simplicity of the equipment
  • C. Ability to analyze solid samples
  • D. Rapid analysis time
Q. What is the main advantage of using UV-Vis spectroscopy over other analytical techniques?
  • A. It requires no sample preparation
  • B. It can analyze solid samples directly
  • C. It provides rapid and quantitative analysis
  • D. It is less expensive than other methods
Q. What is the main functional group present in acetic acid?
  • A. Alcohol
  • B. Aldehyde
  • C. Carboxylic acid
  • D. Ketone
Q. What is the main principle behind the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy in qualitative analysis?
  • A. It measures the mass of a sample
  • B. It detects the presence of specific ions based on their absorbance
  • C. It separates components based on their charge
  • D. It identifies compounds based on their melting points
Q. What is the main purpose of using a buffer in electrophoresis?
  • A. To increase the temperature
  • B. To maintain a constant pH
  • C. To enhance the conductivity
  • D. To reduce sample size
Q. What is the main purpose of using a buffer solution in titration?
  • A. To increase the solubility of the titrant
  • B. To maintain a constant pH during the reaction
  • C. To enhance the color change of the indicator
  • D. To reduce the volume of the solution
Q. What is the oxidation state of sulfur in sulfuric acid (H2SO4)?
  • A. 0
  • B. 2
  • C. 4
  • D. 6
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