Roots are primarily responsible for the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.

Carbon fixation occurs during the Calvin cycle.

ATP is synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide is utilized in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis.

Glucose is synthesized during the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Gymnosperms produce seeds that are exposed on cones, unlike angiosperms which have seeds enclosed in fruits.

Angiosperms, or flowering plants, represent the largest diversity of species in the plant kingdom.

In Pteridophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant and is the most visible part of the plant.

In Bryophytes, the gametophyte is the dominant and more complex stage, while the sporophyte is often dependent on it.

Ferns possess a vascular system that includes xylem and phloem, allowing for efficient transport of water and nutrients.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new organism.

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization, allowing for the offspring to be genetically identical to the parent.

Photosynthesis consists of light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

Temperature is a critical factor for seed germination, as it affects metabolic processes.

Oxygen is primarily consumed during respiration, as it is used to oxidize glucose to release energy.

Oxygen is primarily consumed during respiration, as it is used to oxidize glucose to release energy.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis during the light reactions.

CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of specific genes to enhance traits such as disease resistance.

Plant tissue culture is widely used to propagate disease-free plants, ensuring healthy stock for agriculture.

Monocots are characterized by parallel leaf venation, which distinguishes them from dicots.

Genetically modified crops can provide increased nutritional value, higher yield, pest resistance, and reduced pesticide use.

A dihybrid cross typically results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio, representing the combinations of two traits.

Adaptive radiation refers to the diversification of a group of organisms into various forms that adapt to different ecological niches.

Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction where seeds are produced without fertilization.

Photolysis refers to the splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions.

Photophosphorylation is the process of producing ATP using light energy during photosynthesis.

Phototropism is the growth of a plant towards light, driven by auxin distribution.

Oxygen is released as a byproduct of the light reactions during the splitting of water.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions.

Both oxygen and NADPH are produced during the light reactions.