Cookies are used for session management, allowing servers to remember user sessions and preferences.

The 'Cache-Control' header is used to specify directives for caching mechanisms in both requests and responses, controlling how resources are cached.

The 'POST' method in HTTP is used to send data to the server, often resulting in a change in state or side effects on the server.

The Data Link Layer (Layer 2) provides error detection and correction, ensuring reliable data transfer over physical media.

The HTTP header provides metadata about the request or response, such as content type and length.

The main function of the Network Layer is path determination and logical addressing for data packets.

The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent switching loops in a network by creating a loop-free logical topology.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides reliable data transfer for HTTP by ensuring that data packets are delivered in order and without errors.

The main function of the TCP protocol is data segmentation, which breaks down messages into smaller packets for transmission.

A router's main purpose is to route data between different networks, making decisions based on IP addresses.

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) segments a network into different broadcast domains, enhancing security and reducing congestion.

The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses in a local network.

The main purpose of the HTTP protocol is to transfer web pages and resources over the internet.

The main purpose of the Network layer is path determination and logical addressing to route packets across networks.

The maximum length of a CAT5e Ethernet cable segment is 100 meters for reliable data transmission.

The maximum length of a standard Ethernet cable (Cat 5e) is 100 meters for reliable data transmission.

The maximum length of a standard Ethernet frame is 1518 bytes, which includes the header and trailer.

An IPv4 address is 32 bits long, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.224 provides 32 IP addresses, of which 30 are usable for hosts after accounting for the network and broadcast addresses.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.240 provides 4 bits for host addresses, allowing for 2^4 - 2 = 14 usable hosts.

A /22 subnet has 2^(32-22) = 2^10 = 1024 total addresses. Subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast addresses leaves 1022 usable host addresses.

A /24 subnet provides 256 IP addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 254 usable addresses for hosts.

A /26 subnet has 64 IP addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 62 usable host addresses.

A /29 subnet provides 8 total addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), allowing for 6 usable host addresses.

A /30 subnet allows for 4 addresses, but only 2 are usable for hosts (1 for network and 1 for broadcast).

In a Class C network, the maximum number of usable host addresses is 254, calculated as 2^8 - 2.

A /26 subnet mask allows for 64 total addresses, of which 62 can be assigned to hosts (2 addresses are reserved for network and broadcast).

A /26 subnet provides 64 IP addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), leaving 62 usable host addresses.

A /27 subnet provides 32 IP addresses, but 2 are reserved (network and broadcast), allowing for 30 usable hosts.

A subnet mask of 255.255.255.128 allows for 2^7 - 2 = 126 usable host addresses (subtracting 2 for network and broadcast addresses).