The small-signal model of a BJT simplifies circuit analysis by allowing linear approximations of the transistor's behavior.

The small-signal model is used to predict the behavior of linear circuits when small perturbations are applied.

In small-signal models, capacitors are often represented as open circuits at DC steady state.

'gm' represents transconductance, which is the ratio of the change in output current to the change in input voltage.

An RL circuit consists of resistors (R) and inductors (L), which are analyzed in small-signal models for their response to small input signals.

Small-signal refers to small variations around a bias point in a circuit.

AC voltage varies with time, while DC voltage remains constant.

Direct Current (DC) is commonly used in battery-powered devices.

The two types of BJTs are NPN and PNP, which refer to the arrangement of the semiconductor materials.

FET stands for Field Effect Transistor, which uses an electric field to control current.

The damping ratio (ζ) indicates the speed of response, stability of the system, and the overshoot in the response, making it a crucial parameter in reactive circuits.

Pinch-off occurs when the gate voltage is sufficiently negative to deplete the channel of charge carriers, limiting the drain current.

The term 'programmable' indicates that the device can be configured by the user to perform specific logic functions.

In a step-down transformer, the current increases while the voltage decreases.

In an RL circuit, when the switch is closed, the current gradually increases due to the inductor's opposition to changes in current.

In a step-down transformer, the current in the secondary winding increases as the voltage decreases, maintaining power balance.

If the load resistance decreases, the current in the secondary winding of a transformer increases.

Inductors resist changes in current, so when voltage is removed, the current continues to flow for a short time.

When the gate voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the drain current (Id) increases as the channel becomes more conductive.

When the current through an inductor is interrupted, the energy is released as a voltage spike.

At resonance, the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit becomes infinite due to the cancellation of reactive components.

At resonance, the impedance of a series RLC circuit is at its minimum value.

At high frequencies, the impedance of an RL circuit increases due to the inductive reactance, which is proportional to frequency.

If the non-inverting input is greater than the inverting input, the output of the operational amplifier goes to positive saturation.

In an inverting op-amp configuration, an increase in input voltage results in a decrease in output voltage.

When the input exceeds the supply voltage, the output voltage of an OP-AMP saturates at the supply voltage.

In an RC low-pass filter, the output voltage decreases as the frequency of the input signal increases.

In an RC low-pass filter, as the frequency increases, the output voltage decreases due to the filter's attenuation of high frequencies.

As the resistance increases in an RC circuit, the time constant increases, leading to a slower time response.

According to Ohm's law, if the resistance increases in a series circuit, the total current decreases.