The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. What is the significance of using UV-Vis spectroscopy in qualitative analysis?
A.
To measure the mass of ions
B.
To identify the presence of colored ions
C.
To separate ions based on size
D.
To determine the boiling point of a solution
Show solution
Solution
UV-Vis spectroscopy is significant in qualitative analysis as it can identify the presence of colored ions based on their absorbance characteristics.
Correct Answer:
B
— To identify the presence of colored ions
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Q. What is the standard cell potential (E°) for a galvanic cell composed of a zinc electrode and a copper electrode?
A.
0.34 V
B.
1.10 V
C.
0.76 V
D.
1.96 V
Show solution
Solution
E° = E°(Cu²⁺/Cu) - E°(Zn²⁺/Zn) = 0.34 V - (-0.76 V) = 1.10 V.
Correct Answer:
B
— 1.10 V
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Q. What is the standard cell potential (E°) for a galvanic cell with half-reactions: Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Zn (E° = -0.76 V) and Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu (E° = +0.34 V)?
A.
-1.10 V
B.
-0.42 V
C.
0.42 V
D.
1.10 V
Show solution
Solution
E°cell = E°cathode - E°anode = 0.34 V - (-0.76 V) = 1.10 V.
Correct Answer:
C
— 0.42 V
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Q. What is the standard electrode potential for the reduction of Ag⁺ to Ag?
A.
0.80 V
B.
0.46 V
C.
0.34 V
D.
0.00 V
Show solution
Solution
The standard electrode potential for the reduction of Ag⁺ to Ag is 0.80 V.
Correct Answer:
B
— 0.46 V
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Q. What is the standard electrode potential of a half-cell reaction?
A.
A measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced
B.
A measure of the concentration of ions
C.
A measure of the temperature of the system
D.
A measure of the pressure of the system
Show solution
Solution
The standard electrode potential indicates the tendency of a species to gain electrons and be reduced.
Correct Answer:
A
— A measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced
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Q. What is the standard electrode potential of a half-reaction?
A.
The potential at which the reaction occurs at standard conditions
B.
The potential at which the reaction occurs at any conditions
C.
The potential difference between two electrodes
D.
The energy change of the reaction
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Solution
The standard electrode potential is the voltage measured under standard conditions (1 M concentration, 1 atm pressure, and 25°C).
Correct Answer:
A
— The potential at which the reaction occurs at standard conditions
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Q. What is the standard electrode potential of the half-reaction: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu?
A.
+0.34 V
B.
+0.76 V
C.
-0.34 V
D.
-0.76 V
Show solution
Solution
The standard electrode potential for the reduction of copper ions to copper is +0.76 V.
Correct Answer:
B
— +0.76 V
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) for the formation of 1 mole of CO2(g) from C(s) and O2(g) given the following reactions: C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ?
A.
-393.5 kJ
B.
393.5 kJ
C.
0 kJ
D.
-273.15 kJ
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy change for the formation of CO2(g) is directly given as ΔH° = -393.5 kJ.
Correct Answer:
A
— -393.5 kJ
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change for a reaction at equilibrium?
A.
ΔH = 0
B.
ΔH < 0
C.
ΔH > 0
D.
ΔH is undefined
Show solution
Solution
At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in enthalpy (ΔH = 0).
Correct Answer:
A
— ΔH = 0
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change for the combustion of methane (CH4) if ΔHf for CO2(g) is -393.5 kJ/mol and for H2O(l) is -285.8 kJ/mol?
A.
-890.3 kJ/mol
B.
890.3 kJ/mol
C.
0 kJ/mol
D.
393.5 kJ/mol
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy change for the combustion of CH4 is calculated as ΔH = [2(-393.5) + (-285.8)] - [1(0)] = -890.3 kJ/mol.
Correct Answer:
A
— -890.3 kJ/mol
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change for the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen?
A.
-285.8 kJ/mol
B.
-241.8 kJ/mol
C.
-200 kJ/mol
D.
-100 kJ/mol
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy change for the formation of water (H2 + 0.5 O2 -> H2O) is -285.8 kJ/mol.
Correct Answer:
A
— -285.8 kJ/mol
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change for the reaction: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) if the enthalpy of formation of H2O(g) is -241.8 kJ/mol?
A.
-483.6 kJ
B.
241.8 kJ
C.
0 kJ
D.
483.6 kJ
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy change is 2 * (-241.8 kJ) = -483.6 kJ for the formation of 2 moles of H2O(g).
Correct Answer:
A
— -483.6 kJ
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change of a reaction (ΔH°) at standard conditions?
A.
1 atm and 25°C
B.
1 atm and 0°C
C.
2 atm and 25°C
D.
1 atm and 100°C
Show solution
Solution
Standard enthalpy change (ΔH°) is measured at standard conditions, which are defined as 1 atm pressure and 25°C (298 K).
Correct Answer:
A
— 1 atm and 25°C
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy change of formation (ΔHf°) for elements in their standard state?
A.
0 kJ/mol
B.
1 kJ/mol
C.
ΔHf° is always positive
D.
ΔHf° is always negative
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy change of formation for elements in their standard state is defined as 0 kJ/mol.
Correct Answer:
A
— 0 kJ/mol
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Q. What is the standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) for an element in its standard state?
A.
0 kJ/mol
B.
100 kJ/mol
C.
298 kJ/mol
D.
The same as its molar mass
Show solution
Solution
The standard enthalpy of formation for any element in its standard state is defined as zero.
Correct Answer:
A
— 0 kJ/mol
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Q. What is the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction H2 → 2H+ + 2e-?
A.
0.00 V
B.
0.76 V
C.
1.23 V
D.
2.00 V
Show solution
Solution
The standard reduction potential for the half-reaction H2 → 2H+ + 2e- is defined as 0.00 V.
Correct Answer:
A
— 0.00 V
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Q. What is the standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases?
A.
0°C and 1 atm
B.
25°C and 1 atm
C.
0°C and 760 mmHg
D.
100°C and 1 atm
Show solution
Solution
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gases is defined as 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atm (101.3 kPa).
Correct Answer:
A
— 0°C and 1 atm
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of (2R,3S)-2,3-butanediol?
A.
R,R
B.
S,S
C.
R,S
D.
S,R
Show solution
Solution
The configuration (2R,3S) indicates that the second carbon is R and the third carbon is S.
Correct Answer:
C
— R,S
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of (R)-2-butanol?
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Solution
(R)-2-butanol has the R configuration at the chiral center.
Correct Answer:
B
— R
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of 2-bromo-3-methylpentane at the chiral center?
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Solution
The chiral center in 2-bromo-3-methylpentane has the highest priority groups arranged in a clockwise manner, giving it an R configuration.
Correct Answer:
A
— R
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of 2-bromobutane?
A.
R
B.
S
C.
R and S
D.
Neither
Show solution
Solution
2-bromobutane can exist as two enantiomers, R and S, due to the presence of a chiral center at the second carbon.
Correct Answer:
C
— R and S
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of 2-butanol?
A.
R
B.
S
C.
R and S
D.
Neither
Show solution
Solution
2-Butanol has a chiral center and can exist as both R and S enantiomers.
Correct Answer:
C
— R and S
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of 2-butene if the two methyl groups are on the same side?
A.
Cis
B.
Trans
C.
R
D.
S
Show solution
Solution
When the two methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond, the configuration is referred to as cis.
Correct Answer:
A
— Cis
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of 2-butene if the two methyl groups are on opposite sides?
A.
Cis
B.
Trans
C.
R
D.
S
Show solution
Solution
When the two methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond, the configuration is called trans.
Correct Answer:
B
— Trans
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of the product formed from the reaction of (R)-2-bromobutane with a strong nucleophile in an S_N2 reaction?
A.
R
B.
S
C.
R and S
D.
No stereochemical change
Show solution
Solution
The S_N2 reaction will invert the configuration, resulting in the (S) configuration for the product.
Correct Answer:
B
— S
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Q. What is the stereochemical configuration of the product formed from the reaction of (R)-2-bromobutane with a strong nucleophile in an SN2 reaction?
A.
R
B.
S
C.
R and S
D.
Neither R nor S
Show solution
Solution
The SN2 reaction will invert the configuration of (R)-2-bromobutane, resulting in the (S) configuration.
Correct Answer:
B
— S
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Q. What is the stereochemical outcome of an SN2 reaction?
A.
Retention of configuration
B.
Inversion of configuration
C.
Racemization
D.
No stereochemical change
Show solution
Solution
SN2 reactions result in inversion of configuration at the carbon center where the nucleophile attacks, leading to a stereochemical change.
Correct Answer:
B
— Inversion of configuration
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Q. What is the stereochemical outcome of the addition of H2 across an alkene?
A.
Syn addition
B.
Anti addition
C.
No stereochemistry
D.
Racemic mixture
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Solution
The addition of H2 across an alkene occurs via syn addition, resulting in both hydrogens adding to the same side of the double bond.
Correct Answer:
A
— Syn addition
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Q. What is the stereochemical outcome of the electrophilic substitution of 1,2-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene) at the 4-position?
A.
Only one product is formed.
B.
Two products are formed, one being a racemic mixture.
C.
Only one enantiomer is formed.
D.
No reaction occurs.
Show solution
Solution
Only one product is formed when 1,2-dimethylbenzene is substituted at the 4-position, as the two methyl groups are in positions that do not create stereoisomers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Only one product is formed.
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Q. What is the stereochemical outcome of the electrophilic substitution of 1,2-dimethylbenzene (o-xylene) at the 5-position?
A.
Only one product
B.
Two diastereomers
C.
A racemic mixture
D.
No reaction
Show solution
Solution
Electrophilic substitution at the 5-position of o-xylene leads to two diastereomers due to the presence of two chiral centers.
Correct Answer:
B
— Two diastereomers
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