Parathyroid hormone is released by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are low, promoting calcium release from bones and increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Adrenaline (epinephrine) is released from the adrenal medulla during stress and increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles.

Prolactin is the hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands during lactation.

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress.

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone released by the adrenal glands during stress, helping to regulate metabolism and immune response.

Insulin is the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Progesterone plays a key role in regulating the menstrual cycle and preparing the uterus for potential pregnancy.

Gastrin is the hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid from the parietal cells in the stomach.

Cytotoxic T cells are specialized in recognizing and destroying virus-infected cells.

The adaptive immune response is primarily activated by the presence of antigens.

Western blotting is used to separate proteins based on their size and then detect specific proteins using antibodies.

Immunofluorescence uses fluorescent dyes to visualize the presence and location of specific proteins or antigens in cells.

Aspergillus species are commonly associated with chronic granulomatous disease due to the impaired ability of phagocytes to kill certain pathogens.

Helicobacter pylori is the primary infectious agent linked to the development of peptic ulcers.

Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes syphilis.

Potassium ions play a key role in the turgor pressure changes that open and close stomata.

The shoulder joint allows for the greatest range of motion in the upper limb.

PCR is a widely used technique for amplifying and detecting viral RNA in clinical samples.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is commonly used to detect the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's serum.

Prothrombin time is used to assess liver function, as the liver produces clotting factors.

Poiseuille's law describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and flow rate in a fluid, particularly in laminar flow.

The skin is the most superficial layer of the abdominal wall, providing a protective barrier.

Denaturation can affect all levels of protein structure, particularly secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is often referred to as 'bad cholesterol' because it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries.

Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Lipids, particularly phospholipids, form the structural basis of cell membranes.

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for cells.

Fats provide the most energy per gram, yielding approximately 9 calories per gram compared to 4 calories for carbohydrates and proteins.

Blood pH is regulated by a combination of respiratory regulation, renal regulation, and buffer systems.

Murashige and Skoog medium is a widely used nutrient medium for plant cell culture.