PCl5 has phosphorus in the center, which is dsp3 hybridized, leading to a trigonal bipyramidal geometry.

In CO2, the carbon atom is sp hybridized, forming two double bonds with oxygen.

XeF4 has four bonding pairs and two lone pairs, leading to a square planar geometry.

Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weak acid, while HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3 are strong acids.

Plasma is an ionized gas consisting of free electrons and ions, typically found at high temperatures.

Gas particles are far apart and move freely, allowing them to fill the container.

In solids, particles are closely packed and fixed in place, giving them a definite shape.

Triple bonds are the strongest type of covalent bond due to the presence of three shared electron pairs.

Increasing the concentration of reactants will shift the equilibrium position to the right, favoring the formation of products.

A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not affect the position of equilibrium.

A catalyst speeds up the rate of both the forward and reverse reactions equally, thus it does not change the position of equilibrium.

A catalyst speeds up the rate of reaching equilibrium but does not change the position of equilibrium or the equilibrium constant.

Increasing pressure shifts the equilibrium to the side with fewer moles of gas, which is the right side in this case.

Vapor pressure lowering is a colligative property that depends on the number of solute particles in a solution.

All of the listed colligative properties can be used to determine the molar mass of a solute.

Freezing point depression can be used to determine the molar mass of a solute by measuring the decrease in freezing point.

Sodium (Na) can act as a reducing agent as it readily donates electrons.

KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing agent due to the presence of Mn in a high oxidation state.

NH3 exhibits hydrogen bonding due to the presence of a nitrogen atom bonded to hydrogen.

In SF4, the sulfur atom is sp3d hybridized, resulting in a seesaw molecular geometry.

C2H2 (ethyne) has a linear shape due to sp hybridization of carbon.

BF3 has a trigonal planar geometry due to the sp2 hybridization of boron.

C4H10 (butane) has the highest boiling point due to its larger molecular size and greater van der Waals forces.

Sodium chloride (NaCl) has the highest electronegativity difference between sodium and chlorine.

HCl has a polar covalent bond due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

HCl is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

MgCl2 dissociates into 3 ions (1 Mg²⁺ and 2 Cl⁻), leading to the highest boiling point elevation due to the greatest number of particles.

A rigid body is in static equilibrium when both the sum of forces and the sum of moments about any point are zero.

A reaction is favored when it has low ΔH (exothermic) and high ΔS (increased disorder).

Increasing temperature for an exothermic reaction (ΔH < 0) can lead to a decrease in Gibbs Free Energy, making the reaction more spontaneous.