Bromine water is used to test for unsaturation; it decolorizes in the presence of alkenes or alkynes.

Bromine water and potassium permanganate are both used to test for unsaturation in organic compounds.

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is commonly used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes without further oxidation to carboxylic acids.

Pd/BaSO4 is used as a catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of alkynes to form alkenes.

Bromine water is commonly used to test for unsaturation; it decolorizes in the presence of alkenes.

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is used to reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols.

Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) is commonly used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides.

Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is commonly used for dehydration of alcohols to form alkenes.

Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) is commonly used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides.

All of the above reagents can reduce an aldehyde to a primary alcohol.

Water (H2O) in the presence of an acid catalyst can convert an alkene to an alcohol through hydration.

H2 in the presence of Lindlar's catalyst is used to convert an alkyne to a cis-alkene.

Sodium hydroxide is commonly used to convert haloalkanes to alcohols through nucleophilic substitution.

Sodium phenoxide reacts with alkyl halides to form phenyl ethers in a nucleophilic substitution reaction.

All of the mentioned reagents can be used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, as aldehydes reduce these reagents while ketones do not.

Both bromine water and potassium permanganate can be used to test for alkenes, as they react with the double bond.

Rubidium (Rb) has the highest atomic radius among the given s-block elements.

Lithium is used in fireworks to produce a bright red color.

In gases, particles are far apart and move freely, allowing them to fill the container they are in.

Gases have the weakest intermolecular forces, allowing particles to move freely.

Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume, allowing them to expand to fill their container.

-NH2 has a +M effect due to resonance donation and a -I effect due to electronegativity.

-OH is a strong +I and +M director due to its ability to donate electron density through resonance.

The -OH group is a strong +M director due to its ability to donate electron density through resonance.

The parallel axis theorem is used to find the moment of inertia about an axis parallel to one through the center of mass.

Copper (Cu) is known for forming complex ions with a variety of ligands due to its ability to adopt multiple oxidation states.

Copper (Cu) is well-known for forming various complex ions due to its ability to coordinate with ligands.

Copper (Cu) is known for its ability to form complex ions with a variety of ligands due to its d-orbital configuration.

Critical damping allows the system to return to equilibrium in the shortest time without oscillating.

A circular aperture produces an Airy pattern, characterized by a central bright spot surrounded by concentric dark and bright rings.