Hydrogenation is used to convert alkynes to alkenes.

Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to alkenes to convert them into alkanes.

Dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides can be used to prepare alkynes from alkenes.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be used to perform nucleophilic substitution, converting haloalkanes into alcohols.

Sodium hydroxide can be used to convert haloalkanes to alcohols through nucleophilic substitution.

Ozonolysis of an alkyne can yield a diketone.

The hydration of an alkyne using H2O in the presence of H2SO4 leads to the formation of a ketone.

Bromine water can be used to distinguish between an alkyne and an alkene, as alkynes will decolorize it.

Bromine water is used to test for alkenes; it will decolorize in the presence of a double bond.

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is commonly used as a catalyst in Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions to introduce alkyl groups onto benzene.

H2 in the presence of a catalyst like platinum (Pt) is commonly used for the hydrogenation of alkenes.

Ozonolysis of alkenes is performed using ozone (O3) to cleave the double bond and form carbonyl compounds.

In the nitration of benzene, a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used to introduce a nitro group.

All of the listed reagents can convert carboxylic acids to acid chlorides.

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is a strong reducing agent that can reduce carboxylic acids to primary alcohols.

All of the listed reagents (SOCl2, HCl, PBr3) can be used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides.

Hydrogenation using H2 in the presence of a catalyst like Pd converts alkynes to alkenes.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used to convert alcohols to alkyl halides through a substitution reaction.

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is commonly used to reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols.

H2 in the presence of Lindlar's catalyst is used to convert alkynes to cis-alkenes.

Lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) is used to reduce carboxylic acids to alcohols.

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that can effectively convert haloalkanes to alcohols through nucleophilic substitution.

All of the mentioned reagents can be used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, as aldehydes can be oxidized while ketones cannot.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a strong oxidizing agent that can oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) is a mild oxidizing agent that selectively oxidizes primary alcohols to aldehydes.

Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is commonly used to reduce aldehydes to primary alcohols.

All of the mentioned reagents can be used to test for aldehydes.

Bromine water is used to test for alkenes, as it will decolorize in their presence.

Bromine water is used to test for the presence of alkynes, which will decolorize the solution.

Bromine water is used to test for unsaturation; aromatic compounds do not react with it, indicating their stability.