Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy, and the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital.

The equilibrium constant K is dependent on temperature; it changes if the temperature of the system changes.

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be known simultaneously.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.

The photoelectric effect shows that only light above a certain frequency can cause the emission of electrons, regardless of intensity.

In the quantum mechanical model, electrons are described by wave functions, which give the probability of finding an electron in a certain region.

The rate of reaction generally increases with increasing concentration of reactants.

Ksp is temperature dependent; it changes with temperature.

The uncertainty principle states that position and momentum cannot be known simultaneously with arbitrary precision in quantum mechanics.

Viscosity generally decreases with an increase in temperature.

Torque depends on the angle of application, as it is calculated using τ = F × d × sin(θ).

Total internal reflection requires that the light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium, making the second statement true.

Viscosity is a scalar quantity that measures a fluid's resistance to flow.

Weak acids do not completely dissociate in solution and typically have a higher pKa value compared to strong acids.

X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light but with much higher energy and shorter wavelength.

Molecular orbital theory explains the magnetic properties of molecules, including paramagnetism and diamagnetism.

The inductive effect is generally weaker than the mesomeric effect.

The inductive effect does not involve the delocalization of pi electrons; that is characteristic of the mesomeric effect.

Not all molecular orbitals are degenerate; some can have different energy levels.

The first law states that energy is conserved, and heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot without work being done.

A buffer solution resists changes in pH upon the addition of small amounts of acid or base.

A diverging lens causes parallel rays to diverge, making it impossible to focus light to a point.

In a perfectly inelastic collision, momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.

At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, not necessarily the concentrations.

A Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure both AC and DC resistances.

Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones due to the presence of the hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.

Alkynes are more acidic than alkenes due to the sp hybridization of the carbon atoms.

An exothermic reaction releases heat, resulting in a negative enthalpy change.

An ideal gas is defined as a gas that has no intermolecular forces and follows the ideal gas law under all conditions.

Beryllium forms covalent compounds due to its small size and high ionization energy.