The Chemistry (School & UG) category covers the fundamental to advanced concepts of Chemistry , structured to support Class 11–12 students, competitive exam aspirants, and undergraduate learners . The content emphasizes conceptual clarity, problem-solving skills, and strong alignment with NCERT and university syllabi .
In this category, you will study:
Physical Chemistry – atomic structure, thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, equilibrium, electrochemistry, and solutions
Organic Chemistry – basic principles, reaction mechanisms, hydrocarbons, functional groups, biomolecules, and polymers
Inorganic Chemistry – periodic trends, chemical bonding, coordination compounds, metallurgy, and s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements
Numerical problem-solving – formula-based calculations, mole concept, and graph-based questions
Reaction mechanisms and derivations with step-by-step explanations
Comparisons, trends, and exceptions important for exams
NCERT-based theory , supported by diagrams, tables, MCQs, assertion–reason questions, numericals, and PYQs
The content is designed to build strong foundations , improve analytical and quantitative skills , and prepare students for school examinations, competitive exams, and undergraduate assessments .
Develop a clear, logical, and application-oriented understanding of Chemistry to excel academically and confidently tackle problem-based and conceptual questions at both school and UG levels .
Q. What is the primary role of a leaching agent in metallurgy?
A.
To oxidize metals
B.
To dissolve metal ores
C.
To precipitate metals
D.
To reduce metal ions
Show solution
Solution
A leaching agent is used to dissolve metal ores, allowing for the extraction of metals.
Correct Answer:
B
— To dissolve metal ores
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Q. What is the primary role of a reducing agent in a redox reaction?
A.
To gain electrons
B.
To lose electrons
C.
To increase oxidation state
D.
To decrease oxidation state
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Solution
A reducing agent donates electrons to another species, thereby reducing its oxidation state while itself being oxidized.
Correct Answer:
B
— To lose electrons
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Q. What is the primary role of a reducing agent in metallurgy?
A.
To oxidize the metal
B.
To reduce the metal ion
C.
To increase the temperature
D.
To form alloys
Show solution
Solution
A reducing agent donates electrons to reduce metal ions to their elemental form.
Correct Answer:
B
— To reduce the metal ion
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Q. What is the primary role of carbon in the extraction of iron from its ore?
A.
To act as a catalyst
B.
To reduce iron oxide
C.
To increase melting point
D.
To form alloys
Show solution
Solution
Carbon acts as a reducing agent, reducing iron oxide to iron during the extraction process.
Correct Answer:
B
— To reduce iron oxide
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Q. What is the primary role of flux in metallurgy?
A.
To increase temperature
B.
To reduce metal oxides
C.
To combine with impurities
D.
To enhance metal properties
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Solution
Flux combines with impurities to form a slag that can be removed during the smelting process.
Correct Answer:
C
— To combine with impurities
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Q. What is the primary role of hydrogen in acid-base reactions?
A.
Acting as a base
B.
Acting as a solvent
C.
Acting as a proton donor
D.
Acting as a catalyst
Show solution
Solution
In acid-base reactions, hydrogen typically acts as a proton donor, which is characteristic of acids.
Correct Answer:
C
— Acting as a proton donor
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Q. What is the primary role of ligands in coordination chemistry?
A.
To increase the oxidation state
B.
To stabilize the metal center
C.
To provide electrons for bonding
D.
To change the color of the complex
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Solution
Ligands provide electron pairs to the metal center, forming coordinate covalent bonds and stabilizing the metal complex.
Correct Answer:
C
— To provide electrons for bonding
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Q. What is the primary role of ligands in coordination compounds?
A.
To increase solubility
B.
To stabilize the metal ion
C.
To provide color
D.
To act as a reducing agent
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Solution
Ligands stabilize the metal ion by forming coordinate covalent bonds.
Correct Answer:
B
— To stabilize the metal ion
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Q. What is the primary role of reducing agents in metallurgy?
A.
To oxidize metals
B.
To reduce metal oxides
C.
To increase metal reactivity
D.
To stabilize metal ions
Show solution
Solution
Reducing agents donate electrons to metal oxides, converting them into pure metals.
Correct Answer:
B
— To reduce metal oxides
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Q. What is the primary type of bond formed between sodium and chlorine in table salt?
A.
Covalent bond
B.
Ionic bond
C.
Metallic bond
D.
Hydrogen bond
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Solution
Sodium donates an electron to chlorine, resulting in an ionic bond due to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ionic bond
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Q. What is the primary type of bonding in coordination compounds?
A.
Ionic bonding
B.
Covalent bonding
C.
Metallic bonding
D.
Coordinate covalent bonding
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Solution
Coordination compounds primarily involve coordinate covalent bonding where ligands donate electron pairs to the metal.
Correct Answer:
D
— Coordinate covalent bonding
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Q. What is the primary type of bonding in metals?
A.
Ionic
B.
Covalent
C.
Metallic
D.
Hydrogen
Show solution
Solution
Metallic bonding involves a 'sea of electrons' that are delocalized over a lattice of metal cations.
Correct Answer:
C
— Metallic
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Q. What is the primary type of bonding in NaCl?
A.
Covalent
B.
Ionic
C.
Metallic
D.
Hydrogen
Show solution
Solution
NaCl is primarily held together by ionic bonds formed between sodium and chloride ions.
Correct Answer:
B
— Ionic
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Q. What is the primary use of a fuel cell?
A.
To store energy
B.
To convert chemical energy into electrical energy
C.
To measure temperature
D.
To catalyze reactions
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Solution
A fuel cell converts the chemical energy of a fuel (like hydrogen) directly into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.
Correct Answer:
B
— To convert chemical energy into electrical energy
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Q. What is the primary use of acetic acid in the food industry?
A.
Flavoring agent
B.
Preservative
C.
pH adjuster
D.
All of the above
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Solution
Acetic acid is used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and pH adjuster in various food products.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. What is the primary use of aluminum in metallurgy?
A.
Electrical wiring
B.
Construction materials
C.
Aerospace applications
D.
All of the above
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Solution
Aluminum is used in various applications including electrical wiring, construction materials, and aerospace due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties.
Correct Answer:
D
— All of the above
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Q. What is the primary use of calcium carbonate in the construction industry?
A.
Cement production
B.
Glass manufacturing
C.
Paint production
D.
Plastic production
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Solution
Calcium carbonate is primarily used in cement production as a key ingredient in the manufacturing of concrete.
Correct Answer:
A
— Cement production
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Q. What is the primary use of electrochemical sensors?
A.
Detecting pollutants
B.
Measuring temperature
C.
Analyzing pressure
D.
Monitoring humidity
Show solution
Solution
Electrochemical sensors are widely used to detect and quantify pollutants in various environments.
Correct Answer:
A
— Detecting pollutants
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Q. What is the primary use of hydrochloric acid in the food industry?
A.
Flavoring agent
B.
Preservative
C.
pH control
D.
Coloring agent
Show solution
Solution
Hydrochloric acid is used to control pH levels in food processing, ensuring safety and quality.
Correct Answer:
C
— pH control
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Q. What is the primary use of hydrogen in the chemical industry?
A.
As a refrigerant
B.
In the production of ammonia
C.
As a fuel for vehicles
D.
In the synthesis of plastics
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen is primarily used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia (NH3).
Correct Answer:
B
— In the production of ammonia
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Q. What is the primary use of hydrogen in the Haber process?
A.
To produce ammonia
B.
To produce water
C.
To reduce metals
D.
To create hydrogen fuel
Show solution
Solution
The Haber process uses hydrogen to synthesize ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen and hydrogen gas.
Correct Answer:
A
— To produce ammonia
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Q. What is the primary use of hydrogen in the industrial sector?
A.
Fertilizer production
B.
Plastic manufacturing
C.
Fuel cells
D.
Water treatment
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen is primarily used in the Haber process for the production of ammonia, which is a key component in fertilizers.
Correct Answer:
A
— Fertilizer production
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Q. What is the primary use of hydrogen in the production of hydrochloric acid?
A.
As a reactant
B.
As a catalyst
C.
As a solvent
D.
As a byproduct
Show solution
Solution
Hydrogen is used as a reactant in the synthesis of hydrochloric acid when it reacts with chlorine.
Correct Answer:
A
— As a reactant
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Q. What is the primary use of IR spectroscopy in organic chemistry?
A.
Determining molecular weight
B.
Identifying functional groups
C.
Measuring concentration
D.
Analyzing reaction rates
Show solution
Solution
IR spectroscopy is primarily used to identify functional groups in organic compounds based on their characteristic absorption bands.
Correct Answer:
B
— Identifying functional groups
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Q. What is the primary use of phosphoric acid in the beverage industry?
A.
Sweetener
B.
Preservative
C.
Flavoring agent
D.
Acidulant
Show solution
Solution
Phosphoric acid is primarily used as an acidulant in soft drinks to provide a tangy flavor and balance sweetness.
Correct Answer:
D
— Acidulant
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Q. What is the primary use of sodium bicarbonate in the food industry?
A.
Preservative
B.
Leavening agent
C.
Flavor enhancer
D.
Coloring agent
Show solution
Solution
Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda, is primarily used as a leavening agent in baking.
Correct Answer:
B
— Leavening agent
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Q. What is the primary use of zinc in metallurgy?
A.
As a catalyst
B.
In galvanization
C.
In alloy formation
D.
As a reducing agent
Show solution
Solution
Zinc is primarily used in galvanization to protect iron and steel from corrosion.
Correct Answer:
B
— In galvanization
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Q. What is the principal quantum number (n) for the outermost electron in rubidium (Rb)?
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Solution
Rubidium (Rb) has an atomic number of 37, and its outermost electron is in the 5th shell (n=5).
Correct Answer:
D
— 4
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Q. What is the principal quantum number for the outermost electron in a sodium atom?
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Solution
The outermost electron in sodium (Na) is in the 3s orbital, which corresponds to a principal quantum number of n=3.
Correct Answer:
C
— 3
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Q. What is the principal quantum number for the outermost electron in potassium (K)?
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Solution
Potassium has an electron configuration of [Ar] 4s1, so the principal quantum number for the outermost electron is 4.
Correct Answer:
C
— 4
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